Bone cancer

All in all kinds of organizations, such as the skeletal system of bone, cartilage, fibrous tissue, fat, blood, nerve tissue and undifferentiated reticuloendothelial caused by the structure of the tumors are primary bone tumors. Through a direct invasion, revascularization or lymphatic system in the transfer of bone tissue formation in the transfer of secondary bone cancer tumor. Apart from a benign bone tumor, malignant particularly, there are some of the bone tissue lesions not sure whether the true nature of their bone tumors, such as fibrous dysplasia, isolated bone cyst, eosinophilic granuloma of bone, bone症等disorder of lipid metabolism, tumor-like lesions (bone tumor-like lesions).

Bone tumors that have not been the cause of the past, especially the chronic injury that minor injuries, chronic infection can cause bone tumors. In recent years, such as through the experimental study has used Harvey Fujinaga and Moloney made of the large number of mouse sarcoma virus osteosarcoma model, Finkel has used different types of isotopes and osteosarcoma virus into animal models, some with radioactive substances such as radium, strontium and other manufactured Osteosarcoma animal model. These pathogenic factors have been identified by many scholars. Bone tumor incidence for men age 15 to 24 years old, female, 5 ~ 14 years old, may be related to gender bone growth and development of endocrine and duration of the morning.

Benign bone tumor

Benign Osteoblastoma (benign osteoblastoma) is a rare benign bone tumor.

[Pathological changes:

This tumor is as osteoid osteoma, but larger, the largest diameter of up to 10 cm. Expansion bone tumor destruction of bone from the outer membrane or new bone parcels. Dual cut through the bone cortex, a soft tissue tumors. Tumor vascular rich and difficult surgery to stop bleeding. Histological characteristics of a large number of bone cells in the bone-like tissue or bone ridge arranged in clusters on the surface, the surface of bone-like tissue packets to vary and the new bone calcification. In the matrix of connective tissue often rich in blood vessels.

[Note: Diagnosis

The main symptoms are pain and tenderness. Each is a result of local muscle pain and spasm of the limited physical activity. Spinal lesions can be a result of violations to the spinal cord or spinal nerve compression. Low back pain in children should consider the disease.

X-ray photographs showed expansion of the lesions increased transparency, more than 2 cm diameter, and some up to 7 ~ 10 cm. Lesions are ripe calcification, the density increased. Bone tumor around the hardening of osteoid osteoma not obvious.

[Note: treatment

Should be held tumor resection. Neural arch bone plate involvement, such as nerve compression, decompression of Eastern. Surgical resection difficult position, the middle of available X-ray radiation, and calcified lesions healing.

Imatinib studies have shown that inhibition of tumor growth in mice

Study in mice preliminary findings show that a therapy for leukemia future anti-cancer drugs will one day be used to treat Ewing’s sarcoma. Ewing’s sarcoma is a very difficult treatment of bone tumors. From the University of Oregon Cancer Institute Brian J. Druker in a comment on the study, said: “Ewing’s sarcoma in children with primary bone tumor incidence in second place. Although this has not been transferred to other tumor site, the cure rate is relatively high. generally require joint surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. ”

In this study, from the National Cancer Institute’s Melinda S. Merchant, and others in vivo implantation of Ewing’s sarcoma in mice and dish Ewing’s sarcoma cells were studied to evaluate imatinib (Gleevec in the United States known as the , and in Europe as Glivec) inhibited the growth of cancer cells is effective. Researchers in the latest issue of the “Journal of the National Cancer Institute,” the report said, the drug can kill about 50 percent of the cancer cells, or tumor is shrinking around 50 percent. For those of the existing chemotherapy drug known to exist resistant cell lines, the use of such drugs can still effectively kill the cancer cells. Merchant, who wrote in a research report: “The current observation of chemotherapy drugs for those who have been resistant to recurrence of Ewing’s sarcoma is more important.” However, the researchers also pointed out that compared with other cancer cells, kill Ewing’s sarcoma Cells need a higher concentration of the drug. Druker wrote in a research report: “According to preliminary results of the clinical study, imatinib can be slowed Ewing’s sarcoma cell growth. Another in the future in the study is expected to confirm that the use of imatinib may increase Ewing’s sarcoma cells to chemotherapeutic drug sensitivity. “Gleevec is in the last year the United States Food and Drug Administration approval for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia.

Between husband and wife will be borne cancer?

In recent years, the medical profession gradually observed a phenomenon - with the husband and wife may be suffering from cancer, people called it the “husband and wife cancer.” (From health experts would like to know the recommendations?) As “husband and wife cancer,” there, a lot of people thought they had found between tumor potentially infectious evidence.

Study found that “husband and wife cancer” can be simultaneously may also have occurred, the location may be the same, the same may not,

The most common sites such as the man with penile cancer, the woman suffering from cervical cancer, while in men suffering from colon cancer, the woman’s risk of breast cancer.

On the surface it would appear that “husband and wife cancer” seems to be really borne phenomenon, but in real terms it, is not the case.

We should see that cancer is a lifestyle disease, it is the way of life and the environment are closely linked. And the hepatitis virus, EB virus and liver cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, uterine cancer and skin cancer there is a strong correlation between spouses living in the same environment and exposed in the same pathogenic and carcinogenic factors, from the same type of the risk of disease is very high.

If male circumcision is too long without attention to cleaning the resulting Baopigou can not only trigger penile cancer, and has been proven to be caused by the woman’s sex life of cervical cancer. This is definitely not the male penis cancer spread to the results of the woman, the woman is very likely to come cervical cancer a few years later, only a male penis cancer, which is entirely possible that their cancer is the Baopigou victims.

In addition, some families in a long-term depression, Youyou sad for the long-term couples in high tension in the life of anxiety, and is likely to lead to “husband and wife cancer” from occurring.

As a result, “husband and wife cancer,” despite the large number, but it is not the result of cancer spread, but because the lives of at the same time in a similar environment, to develop similar living habits, it was an opportunity to Aimo. Therefore, there is not enough evidence to prove that cancer is an infectious disease.

Women suffering from certain diseases not pregnant

When the fertilized egg in the womb nurture growth, in order to adapt to fetal growth and development needs, and fetal placental hormones produced by the impact of pregnant women in the system will be a series of changes. For example, in the 10 weeks of pregnancy, the mother’s efforts to increase the output, which is the heart load increased significantly, to a peak of 32 weeks of pregnancy, labor, the labor force in pregnant women each will add to the burden of heart. At the same time pregnancy on the body affects vital organs, such as the liver, lungs, kidneys and other. Therefore, if the mother has serious heart disease before pregnancy, during pregnancy and may be in the birth process can not be tolerated burden, in heart failure, endanger the mother’s life.

If in the pre-pregnant mother of tuberculosis, hepatitis active, hypertension, diabetes, chronic recurrent asthma, and so should be treated in strict control of the disease in a stable condition after a period of time, under the guidance of doctors in pregnancy. At the same time during pregnancy should be closely monitoring the health of the mother and fetus’s development. Patients suffering from chronic nephritis not pregnant women, pregnancy is harmful to the mother and child, and often to increase the maternal illness, fetal stunted.

Sexually transmitted diseases are some of the maternal and child endangering, especially for the fetus, if the mother infected with syphilis, pathogens can be transmitted through the placenta umbilical cord to the fetus, the fetus in syphilitic lesions, resulting in miscarriage, premature birth, stillbirth. About 40% of children with congenital syphilis survived, has been extended to the adult period.

Gonorrhea can cause mothers with newborns eye conjunctivitis, “septic leakage eyes”, irregularity or timely treatment can lead to blindness. So suffering from sexually transmitted diseases before pregnancy should be completely cured after pregnancy.

Divided into benign and malignant tumors, benign, if not in the growth of the reproductive system, generally does not affect pregnancy. The generally benign gynecologic uterine fibroids and ovarian tumor Most of the smaller size of uterine fibroids does not affect pregnancy, but it may increase during pregnancy. In the uterus ovarian next, with the increase of uterine pregnancy, ovarian tumor from the basin also will be increased to pre-peritoneal, increased space activities may change in the position of pregnant women in reverse. Cancer can occur in many parts of the body, although most will not malignant tumor from the mother directly to the fetus, but because cancer is wasting disease, pregnant women suffering from cancer, nutrition supply to the fetus can not be fully satisfied, the mother’s condition also will add to, in principle, found malignant tumors of the pregnant women during pregnancy should be terminated pregnancy.

■ treatment of sick mothers to have scruples

That the past is the natural placenta barrier, the prospective mother is no toxic or non-toxic drug, it would not endanger the fetus through the placenta. The early 1960s, pregnant women taken the “thalidomide” to dissolve the reaction of pregnancy early pregnancy, the newborn seals limb deformities and the drug after other drugs have also been caused by fetal malformation reports, and medication during pregnancy led to panic, not sick or pregnant women to drugs in the treatment, resulting in heavier mothers illness.

After the physiological state as a result of pregnancy and pre-pregnancy different medication during pregnancy, the mother before pregnancy and the reaction is totally different from that in the development process and the fetus at different stages of development has yet to perfect the organ, such as the improper use of the foetus will have an impact. Therefore, how to choose pregnancy safe and effective drugs, timely and appropriate medication to enhance fetal quality, protect the mother is very important.

Mother pregnancy, medication time to embryos and fetuses are greatly influenced, as in the two weeks after fertilization, before implantation Yunkun, the impact of drugs on the embryo is “full” or “no.” “Whole” in the performance of early embryonic death led to abortion; “no” to embryo development, there is no anomaly. 3-8 weeks after fertilization, embryo organ differentiation and development stage, “teratogenic highly sensitive period.” 9 thoughtful after fertilization term fetal growth and organ development, functional perfecting stage, and during this drug, can be manifested as intrauterine growth retardation, premature rate has also increased.

■ Even premature infants can easily survive the merger of various diseases

The above-mentioned mother Lingxue beads cancer even in the 10 days through cesarean section surgery removed the fetus, fetal and has about 30 weeks, are premature infants, fetuses can not breathe. Fetal Neonatal will be sent to the hospital by ICU and take intubation to help babies breathe, and through intravenous transfusion support, and for the children survived.

Premature pregnancy is 28 weeks to 37 feet feet termination weeks ago, because the lungs of premature infants, and an important organ of the body is not fully mature, so lower survival, but the survival of newborns, it tends to merge various diseases, such as cerebral palsy (intellectual influence), visually impaired (the sequelae of oxygen). Even in very good medical conditions, pregnant less than 23 weeks on births and almost no possibility of survival. Even medicine superb medical unit, the rescue of the pregnancy before 23 weeks premature infants success rate of only 10 to 20 percent, but most will be the middle of mortality. In more than 35 weeks of fetal survival rate was significantly improved, since 1994 the United States clinic (NIH) recommended in the 24 to 34 weeks may be premature use of pregnant women in prenatal glucocorticoids, significantly decreased the respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants, intraventricular hemorrhage and necrosis of the occurrence of colitis, improved the prognosis of premature infants.

■ pre-pregnancy body to do the best physical examination and blood tests

The original of the reproductive health requirements of women, pregnancy is best done in a general physical examination and blood tests, rule out the possibility endanger the health of pregnant women and fetal growth and development of the original disease, and aggressive treatment of the original disease, the question illness cured or stability after pregnancy. About half of the year if not done gynaecological examinations of women, should do regular gynaecological examinations, eliminate cervical diseases, sexually transmitted diseases, and whether or not uterine fibroids and ovarian tumors. At the same time do feel happy and the law, smoking cessation wine, three months before pregnancy early pregnancy proposed taking small doses of folic acid to prevent fetal neural tube defects.

Whether the transmission and genetic cancer

Many experts at home and abroad after many years of medical research, come to the following conclusions: Cancer is not transmitted, is not genetic! Although the cancer cells in the patients with metastasis to the proliferation and everywhere, but it Unlike bacteria and viruses, transmitted from one person to another person. On their own, others of cancer cells is a foreign body, the body through a strong immune rejection capability, cancer cells destroyed by the enemy. Therefore, the people can not be transmitted to the cancer cells in their own survival. And genetic transmission is two totally different concepts. Bacterial infection is caused by viruses or infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis, hepatitis, and other genetic blood relationship is due to the same family, people suffering from a disease. According to the biologist Mendelian genetic law, scientists have conducted repeated studies and the final conclusion: At a large malignant tumor, only to hereditary retinoblastoma cells, and cells in the retina of all, only about 40% of genetic the.

Cancer can be self-control

For patients with advanced cancer, the pain is the most common symptom. For advanced cancer, the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1986 formulated the “three analgesic ladder” of the principle of the Ministry of Health in the People’s Republic of China in 1993 was also officially promulgated the “cancer pain treatment ladder three guiding principles” Experts from the medical profession over the years also has been exploring the most effective way to eliminate pain. However, with the exception of mild to moderate pain can still effect, severe pain still lacks effective solutions.

In recent years, both at home and abroad in the treatment of pain using a new type of analgesic, that is, with patient-controlled analgesia (patientcontrolledanalgesia, or PCA). Initially mainly used for post-operative pain, has been widely used in advanced cancer and other intractable pain treatment in the past. Because many people do not understand or do not know of such treatment, making this new technology has not been able to serve the good of advanced cancer patients.

What is the PCA? PCA is the reservoir will be a special drug pump through a small pipe placed in the patients and pain relief drug to a specific PCA pump speed will continue to play a drug pumped into the body antinociceptive effect, in accordance with different degrees of pain can choose different pump speed . Above there is a pump-controlled button, and when the patient may feel pain when their push to inject doses.

What place? PCA pump two points: One is the microcomputer control pump (also known as electronic pumps), a high degree of automation, speed can be arbitrary regulation, easy-to-use, but the price is more expensive, more suitable for use in the hospital; the other is a one-time PCA Pump, a relatively fixed rate of drug injection, and lower prices for home use.

According to the site of pain, scope and extent of different drugs injected into the human body can be divided into three channels: epidural, intravenous and subcutaneous. Generally speaking, the following chest pain location and scope of patients relatively fixed for the epidural space (PCEA) injection; pain wide range of difficulties or epidural puncture, for the intravenous (PCIA) or subcutaneous (PCSA ) injection.

Pump similar to the size of a teacup, a peg above deduction can be linked to the waist, can be installed in the soliciting, on Chenbian can sleep at night. Not hospitalized patients can be placed in the hospital after home with regularly added to the drug pump can be unable to hospitals with serious illness can also be requested by a doctor to pain patients home placement.

What drugs? There are three categories of drugs: First, anesthetics, such as morphine, meperidine, fentanyl; Second, local anesthesia drugs, the main bupivacaine third is stable sedative drugs, commonly used midazolam droperidol or more.

Benefits: 1. Automatic delivery, without hospitalization, to participate in the general day-to-day activities. 2. Analgesic effect precise, patients can change their degree of pain additional medication. 3. Fewer complications and difficult addiction to sleep, diet and spiritual impact on the patients. 4. Lasted for a long time, the repeated injection to reduce the inconvenience caused. 5. Less medication, the whole low-cost. Common side effects are: ① nausea and vomiting, common at the beginning with, and gradually reduce. ② pruritus, facial and chest back to the heavy use of sedatives or antihistamines. ③ urinary retention, give abdominal massage or heat, if necessary, temporary catheterization. Four respiratory depression generally not obvious, serious give oxygen. ⑤ other, occasionally constipation, dizziness, lethargy, etc.. According to the quality and performance of pumps vary, generally speaking, including pumps and technology costs, about 600 to 800 yuan. 3 to 7 days plus a drug pump can be used on a 1 to 3 months. Larger than normal municipal hospitals can do such treatment should be to find doctors or narcotic pain by physicians.

90% of cancer pain can be lifted

For cancer patients, the most fear is not death, but pain.

However, the cancer is not all that advanced can avoid pain?

Tiantan Hospital Hospice House Doctor Wang told reporters that the pain of cancer patients have symptoms of the reasons for the tumor, but also sensitive to pain in patients with the reasons.

On tolerance, some patients do not feel strong pain tolerance, but some feel that pain. On the tumor, some cancer pain, and some tumors are unlikely to pain. Comparison of cancer pain main liver, pancreatic cancer and bone metastases. The women’s cervical and ovarian cancer relatively better, in addition to pain from lung cancer have Bieqi flu, but more often than not Tengde uncomfortable Biede uncomfortable. 90% of the patients with cancer pain can be painless

In order to effectively control pain, as early as in 1982, the World Health Organization (WHO) put forward the famous “cancer pain ladder three guiding principles,” according to this principle, the use of existing analgesic drugs can be 90% Patients with cancer pain can be alleviated. China in December 1990 will be formally introduced this principle domestic.

It was learned that the Beijing Ministry of the community health care provided to cancer patients free of pain treatment, followed in the programme is three analgesic ladder. According to the principle of advanced cancer pain ladder is generally used three drugs, based on this combination of addition and subtraction.

Beijing Tiantan Hospital Hospice Shao Jun, director of the hospital, the so-called three analgesic ladder programme is by professional doctors in the nature and causes pain to make the right assessment, in accordance with the intensity of the pain pain divided into light, medium, re three grades (ladder), and in accordance with the pain of the different levels of different drugs. Patients with mild pain on the use of non-opioid drugs, in patients with moderate pain on the weak morphine use drugs on patients with severe pain will need to use the morphine preparation.

Beijing Tiantan Hospital Hospice House of Ma Zhengang Hill doctors, for example, for example, for bone pain, and non-steroidal drugs, nerve pain, nerve pain medicine and clothing.

Ma Zhengang and Chen Shan doctors vanadium doctors told reporters detailed explanation of the three programmes in clinical analgesic ladder is how applications: medical treatment to patients, how to listen to patients to express their own pain, and according to his statement to return category, and then the right remedy. For example: a 72-year-old’s condition is advanced lung cancer, coupled with bone metastasis. Patients said that after his back, legs, Kuabu have pain, the pain as feeling like acupuncture, but also electric shock feeling. Then the doctor asked the patient if the pain is divided into ten, which you feel that they belong to one. Patients feel that they may be at 5,6-class look. This can be judged from the doctor on the patient’s pain is moderate pain, you can use the weak morphine drugs, such as the strong pain.

In addition, each open to the patient’s dosage is generally half of the amount of drugs, so patients must be every half Quyao to hospital.

Pain medication will produce resistance

Some have drug resistance, with the extended illness may need more pain medication, such as cancer, and some patients just eat a good enough start, with the proliferation of cancer, pain more sites more may need greater analgesic drugs, has just begun to eat some of our patients is one, we the international community are reported, and some even eat 100 a day, now with the emergence of drug resistance, then you can Another change in a drug, you can also change the other way, for instance, some patients eat oral cancer pain drug, he was very uncomfortable to eat, to eat so much, sometimes with after the transfer, the gastrointestinal tract changes in the patient after eating nausea, stomach bulging special formidable, if it Youteng eat the worse, we now introduce a new pain treatment methods, we have a tube directly into the brain fluid, and his We use only 1% of 33 normal medication in a way that reduces the side effects of many, he not only to ensure sustained medication, but also according to your needs, if at the terrible pain, we can delivery, Such treatment is to enter your body, the life does not affect you in any way, nor does it affect your bath, to keep their body administration, the need for additional medication, through the remote control in vitro can be resolved.

How to correctly only pain medication

Treatment of Cancer Pain is the most commonly used which is the most basic method to drug therapy. Drug therapy is effective, effectual fast, safe and economical. However, there are still a considerable number of doctors or the drug cancer patients do not understand pain, such as a survey found that in patients with severe pain, pain treatment, 13.25% of non-tumor professional doctors dolantin first choice. To this end an interview with reporters Clinical Tumor Institute of Beijing University, Di Li-jun, director of analgesic drug deal.

Cancer pain medication should follow three principles ladder

Di Director said, the World Health Organization’s cancer pain medication ladder of the three drugs and emphasizes the ladder by medication; oral administration; medication on time; individual delivery; attention to the details. On the administration ladder from weak to strong, and gradually increase capacity, and so not only with the needs of patients, but with regular medication on time. Adhere to the principle that individuals from the so-called “most of” constrained, and to achieve an effective analgesic for the purpose.

He said that the hospital LIU Shu-jun professor in the long-term application of analgesic drugs summed up some attention to matters, such as the dose should be the simplest and least traumatic programme analgesic therapy beginning of the best oral, should be considered if they can not oral or rectal After subcutaneous administration; not to use placebo treatment of cancer pain with placebo can not really pain, it is cruel to the patients; on opioids, different patients the sensitivity of the adverse reactions are very different, applications should be carefully ; patients after hospital discharge should be given a written pain treatment.

Step three commonly used analgesic drugs which

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for mild pain, a drug commonly used aspirin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, indomethacin, and other.

Available to moderate pain weak opioid, such as codeine.

Severe pain can be strong opioid such as morphine, sustained-release morphine, Durogesic, etc..

Do not use dolantin cancer pain and dihydro Aituofei

Di Li-jun Director said that dolantin the analgesic effect of morphine for the 1 / 8, analgesics time only for two and a half hours to three and a half hours. For the in vivo metabolism of the drug to a pethidine, which has toxic effects of central nervous system, cancer patients in the high-dose use of this drug will definitely lead accumulation, to intoxication, there will be tremors, hallucinations, seizures, myoclonic epilepsy and attack. Therefore, dolantin could only be used for short-term acute pain analgesics. Dihydro Aituofei long-term use can lead to significant psychological dependence and physical dependence, and can not be used for the routine treatment of cancer pain.

In the use of opioid analgesics cancer without fear of addiction Di Director said, and many patients and doctors are worried that there will be application of opioid addiction, in fact, such worries are unnecessary. The so-called addiction is that the spirit of dependence, then patients will be involuntarily and unscrupulous desire to get drugs, often to the detriment of health and family well-being sought at the cost of drugs. Have one pair of 10,000 application of opioid analgesics to a survey of cancer patients, these patients were not in a mental dependence. Another one pair of 11,882 applications opioid analgesic for cancer patients survey, only four patients to rely on the spirit. Patients need not worry about addiction. In the use of opioids, a physical dependence and tolerance of pharmacology is a normal phenomenon and should not affect drug
Of the continued use. Di director cautioned that long-term use of opioid drugs, in particular its resistance of patients, because of the very sensitive opioid antagonist, respiratory depression was corrected very easily lead to serious withdrawal symptoms and pain relapse.

The vast majority of patients will standardize medication from pain

Some patients think that I am no injections and pain, you let me eat several tablet can make a difference? Di director, asserting that poor oral analgesic effect, the concept of pain is not timely wrong. Research shows that, in accordance with the principles of the three ladder administration, 80% to 90% of the cancer patients pain relief, rather than regulating pain medication is not only bad effects, and adverse reactions in the proportion of high. So who can be treated by oral administration of oral medication as possible. After standardizing the other after treatment was not effective disarmament pain patients can use other methods. Di Director said, with progress in the study of pain, this part of the patient is not powerless.

Advanced cancer patients suitable for home treatment

Chang is seriously ill to go to hospital for treatment, not to mention the cancer. Beijing Tiantan Hospital may Hospice Institute recently completed a study show that patients with more advanced cancer at home in the appropriate treatment, patients with pain relief so that its rate can be as high as 98%, a number of indicators of the quality of life was also significantly improved. Hence experts believe that the method is suitable for China’s national conditions and should be social marketing. Whether the patient or family, the out-patient treatment errors.

Patients with cancer pain is the most fear and unbearable. The World Health Organization (WHO) will be comprehensive cancer pain control as the focus of treatment planning. Not long ago, Tiantan Hospital Hospice House has launched the “patients with severe pain at home analgesic effect of the treatment.” Doctors and 32 men and 28 women with severe tracking patients with advanced cancer, including lung cancer, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, cervical cancer, bone cancer, esophageal cancer and gallbladder cancer, and other patients. Before treatment, patients on the medical staff to do a comprehensive inspection, and made the grade level of pain assessment. Of these, patients with severe cancer pain, cancer pain in accordance with the WHO analgesic ladder three principles given proper oral or topical strong opioid analgesic treatment. Based on changes in the treatment of disease, to readjust the drug dose. Then click ease the pain, appetite, sleep, the quality score mental state standards, regular Clinical Observation.

The results showed that, effective analgesic drug treatment, 16 cases of complete remission, 53 patients with moderate ease; pain remission rate of 98%. At the same time the quality of life is also a notable increase, loss of appetite, sleep and mental condition has improved.