The signs of emphysema

1, symptoms: mainly gradually increase the difficulty of respiratory classes, activities, weight, resting at the light, often accompanied with a cough, can be re-emerging cyanosis;
2, signs: a barrel chest and respiratory movement weakened, weakened language chatter, the call was a Qingyin, auscultation-breathing weakened, extended breath.

The elderly emphysema patients with a reasonable campaign

Chronic bronchitis is easy secondary pulmonary emphysema, the course of time, chronic pulmonary heart disease. Many of the elderly, so not only premature loss of the ability to work, long-term Kechuan, very painful, and often the disease pessimism, and some have even lost their confidence in life. In fact, suffering from emphysema patients, if a reasonable exercise, can improve symptoms received a clear effect.
Well, emphysema patients should choose what kind of movement? »
Emphysema patients should strive to outdoor activities, to take a walk to take a walk, quickly walking to walk fast, even sitting in an outdoor sitting under the sun is also good, the key is acting according to our capability, from place to place, and the time. To adhere to peacetime health massage every day, especially for Ying-point (nose on both sides), people in green, the wind House Points (after the pillow at the center of convex depression), He Guxue, according to massage the anti-clockwise 60. Cold-water wash your face, wash nose help to improve the body’s resistance to emphysema patients, is worth promoting.
Emphysema patients breathe, in order to achieve adequate ventilation, often for extended Xiongshihuxi. However, due to years of high frail emphysema patients, the Calcification rib chest, thorax limited scope of activities, often using auxiliary breathing muscles to work. Thus breathing when Song Jian, Shen Jing, abdominal contraction, such diaphragmatic Shangtai, not only can not increase ventilation, but accelerated the respiratory rate, increased hypoxia symptoms. If the patient can relax the tension assisted breathing muscles (chest and abdominal muscles), to strengthen abdominal breathing, we can improve the respiratory function.
Abdominal breathing exercises emphysema patients is the main movement. Patients choose a comfortable position, relax the attention of shoulder and back muscles, practicing breath from the start. Breathing, lips slightly reduced, the gas will slowly I (consciously fine respiratory) Chuichu, on the abdomen slowly subsidence, the beginning of training are not accustomed to, his hands pressing the abdomen, then ups and downs. Breathing when closed, the nasal cavity slowly Shenxi, abdomen followed uplift, suction End gas can pause a moment to breath. For abdominal breathing training can increase the diaphragmatic from top to bottom, slow breathing profound, this can significantly improve ventilation and ventilation functions, the emphysema patients is very favorable.
Emphysema patients the right to exercise guidance, help from the bronchial endocrine, to prevent the premature blocking the airway, to increase ventilation. Reasonable exercise can improve heart and lung function, improve the body’s resistance capacity, in particular, can prevent colds and upper respiratory tract infection and other diseases. Therefore, emphysema patient’s movement is particularly important, as long as perseverance in practice, will receive significant results.

Bronchial asthma emphysema relations

Emphysema is the development of chronic bronchitis pulmonary heart disease to the intermediate stage, the alveolar space to expand, alveolar inflatable lung tissue caused by increased flexibility and decreased lung capacity expansion purposes. Bronchial asthma due to long-term repeated attack, emphysema has become the most common complication of. Usually by emphysema generally refers to obstructive pulmonary emphysema, pulmonary emphysema because of the 80 per cent. Because of bronchial asthma attack or repeatedly with repeated infections, bronchial mucous membrane thickening enable small, narrow cavity, mucus gland secretion increased mucus retention, causing bronchial-not completely blocked. Usually, when the suction of bronchial tube-expansion, so patients do not feel shortness of breath when the suction. But breath, bronchial cavity restitution, not completely blocking the increase, alveolar gas hard plastic tube through the narrow and full breath, a result, alveolar pressure gradually increased alveolar space caused by expansion. Remove barriers falling into gas, alveolar residual gas increased, leading to destruction of alveolar wall integration, thus obstructive pulmonary emphysema.

Early identification and treatment of emphysema

Many people have been suffering from emphysema, but also that they have the bronchitis or asthma, which delayed the treatment.

Emphysema is a lung acinar any part of the permanent expansion of abnormal, with devastating change. Generally speaking, if the following conditions, is suffering from pulmonary emphysema: chronic bronchitis, asthma history, cough, sputum, gradually increasing difficulty in breathing, cyanosis gradually deepening a barrel chest, chest diameter by , Lei Jianxi widened, difficulty in breathing, lips finger cyanosis, chest respiratory movement weakened, weakened language chatter, sound-absorbing low Kouzhen inspection, the extension of breath; x-ray can show Shuangfei through enhanced brightness, reduce peripheral lung profiling, Wang declined separated, sports bad; lung function decreased significantly.

The degree of lung function difficulty in breathing for five: First of work, walking and ladder from top to bottom with the same age as healthy; second at the ground to walk the same age and health are the same, and the uphill walk with the ladder can not be healthy The same for the third time when the plains on foot at its own pace can be more than one kilometer walk, but less than the rate of health; fourth time when walking to repeat rest, 50 meters can not be cooked up absolute walk in the end; fifth time To speak, turned around, dressing, dining will be a shortness of breath.

Had emphysema after how do «first bronchial infection prevention and control, not smoking or smoking cessation, proper sports, enhance physical fitness, prevention of influenza. If cough, sputum should immediately seek medical treatment, and control of infection with antibiotics. This was followed by a respiratory gymnastics, insisted in the morning and deep breathing exercise, exercise abdominal breathing, or to do mainly of Xiongshihuxi intercostal muscle movement. In the treatment of serving on the admissibility of positive-pressure oxygen therapy and respiratory therapy. Attention should also be reduced bronchial spasms, improving pulmonary circulation.

How should we view spermatorrhea

spermatorrhea can basically say is a physiological phenomenon. As the normal adult male about 90 percent of the spermatorrhea occurred. spermatorrhea and spermatorrhea and Hua Jing points. Adolescent development after the 1 to 2 years to old age, are possible. On the night the dream spermatorrhea, also known as Meng spermatorrhea or stolen dream, it was called “Happy Valley.” In a sober state of masturbation or sexual intercourse without stimulating the state of spontaneous ejaculation “Hua Jing.” Fundamentally speaking, they do not have much difference. Women in the process of sleep or sexual stimulation and vaginal secretions there will be a substantial increase in mucus excluded, the general will not be that men are different, many men will spermatorrhea physiological phenomena such as cards and worried about disease. Well, look at how it spermatorrhea spermatorrhea only find out the causes and mechanism in order to properly treat it.
spermatorrhea rarely occurred in the boys under the age of 12 to 14-year-old boy spermatorrhea in the rate of about 25 percent, urban and economic status than the superiority of the high incidence of male juvenile. 16-year-old is about 55 percent, 70 percent for the 18-year-old, 20-year-old was 75% to 80%, to 45-year-old at least 90 percent of men in a situation occurred under the spermatorrhea. spermatorrhea majority of the frequency for a week or a few weeks time. It was done surveys, in the spermatorrhea and education is directly proportional to the degree. Some investigations, which have junior middle school education level of the single men, 18%, and to have a university education level of single men have 30% to 46% in average monthly 1 spermatorrhea.

spermatorrhea can be triggered by the results of the dream, it can also be a quilt from a warm, tight underwear, clothing for the penis boost results. Chinese literature will be “a dream and left for spermatorrhea, a dream and left for the spermatorrhea” is the difference between the classification and spermatorrhea spermatorrhea is the earliest. Meng spermatorrhea of the former may be very vague, and some can not be recalled after Mengyi dream of the main plot. May also be very clear, some people in the early morning when they wake up the dream clearly recalled the events that took place. Reality, dreams are the subconscious of the response, often with the fantasy and experience have some link.

For young people, parents or school teachers have a responsibility to tell them, the spermatorrhea accidental phenomenon is a normal physiological phenomenon, not too much panic, and certainly not immoral bad thing. Wu Yu or rough statement will not mention the psychological harm to them, causing unnecessary psychological burden.

35 women over the age of the beginning of “high-risk mothers.”

To say that these are not scare anyone, if you have been Xiazhe Unfortunately, the more Unfortunately you are to catch up with the World Health Organization requirements, then from now on you have to do a good job in perinatal care, prenatal strengthen the inspection, Diagnosis, labor and post-natal care, to better conditions to the maternity hospital, if necessary, should also be admitted ahead of production.

If senior citizens want to pregnant women fertility, should learn more of the Youshengyouyu the knowledge, can be compared to the attention of various elements of the nutritional intake:

In a balanced diet, nutrition at the same time, to control the high-fat, high-sugar diet to avoid weight gain during pregnancy rate too, to prevent fetal overweight;

To control the frequency of life, especially in the last three months of pregnancy should be prohibited sex life;

Laoyijiege attention, not bed-ridden resort, appropriate activities, recreating pregnancy Baojian Cao. The latter part of pregnancy should move around, the campaign is conducive to reasonable-middle.

In addition should also pay attention to the prevention of infection and viral diseases, as far as possible to avoid contact with toxic and harmful chemicals.

As long as the attention of many, pregnancy and childbirth, most of the anomalies can be avoided.

Senior citizens, there are many pregnant women during pregnancy should pay particular attention to areas:

1, and strictly do wellness checks and special inspections.

2, do not use Dianre Tan.

3, avoid hot water bath, sauna, steam bath.

4, to avoid vaginal washing, or likely to cause infection, bleeding, premature rupture of membranes, and other issues.

5, sleep, take the lateral Shuizi, at the same time raise the legs.

6, to say the truth must not Menmenbuyue.

7, Institute of emotional control, when nervous, uncomfortable, do deep breathing exercises, avoid angry, impatient.

Pregnant women the necessary checks to senior citizens

First, ultrasound

General needs to be done twice in 12 weeks and 20 weeks of time for. This check can be used to further determine the date of your pregnancy and any abnormal development of the situation, such as cleft palate, organ abnormalities, and can be found multiple births.

Second, check amniotic fluid and chorionic villi

In about 11 weeks, with a biopsy needle through the abdominal wall into the uterine cervix or reach the placenta location, took out a little villi, to be checked.

Is also available at around 16 weeks, in the state of anesthesia, the needle to puncture the way from amniotic fluid, collecting falling embryonic cells, to be checked.

These are very accurate detection of fetal abnormalities whether the method. The general check pregnant women for senior citizens, this check from the risk of abortion, the need to have the experience under the guidance of doctors.

Third, the umbilical cord puncture

After 20 weeks, local anesthesia in the circumstances, the use of fetal cord blood from a needle, check, this method can detect whether the chromosome abnormalities and genetic blood diseases. This method used only for high-risk pregnant women, higher than the risk of miscarriage from amniotic fluid check.

4, AFP detection

At 16-20 weeks, is a non-dangerous blood examination, determination of alpha-fetoprotein levels in the blood, can be found nerve defects, Down syndrome, kidney and liver disease, are all pregnant women to carry out the inspection.

Kala-azar

Leishmaniasis (Kala - azar) also known as visceral leishmaniasis (Visceral Leishmaniasis), is caused by Du Leishmania, Bai Ling as the spread of chronic endemic infectious diseases. To long-term clinical irregular fever, swelling of the spleen, suffering from weight loss, anemia, leukopenia and characterized by increased plasma globulin.

[Pathogen]

Du leishmaniasis parasite (Leishmania donovani) is a parasite Trypanosoma Kelishenman, the parasite cells lamblia. And the four types of human pathogens is in the form of Leishmania there is no difference in disease and immunological characteristics are different, tropical Leishmania and Mexico Leishmania cause the skin disease leishmaniasis ( “Oriental boil”);nasopharyngeal mucosa leishmaniasis parasite caused the disease; Du Leishmania parasites in the main network offal - endothelial system, from kala-azar.

Du Leishmania before the flagellin-life history of flagella and no body. The former is seen at Bai Ling digestive tract, in the 22 ~ 25 ℃ medium, a spindle, a front-end free flagellum, and the length of its body length is similar, about 11 × 16 μ m. Li Du and the body found in mammalian cells, tissue culture at 37 ℃, was egg-shaped park, the size of about 4.4 × 2.8 μ m.

When the female Bai Ling bites of infected animals and, to inhalation of blood Li Du Bai Ling stomach, 2 to 3 ripe for the future development of the former flagellum, parallel rapid propagation separatist dichotomy, one week ago after gathering a large number of flagella Bailing on the oral and mouth parts, when it bites human or animal body before flagella that penetrated the body, the flagella of falling into a flagellum (Lidu body).

[Epidemiological]

(A) source of infection patients and Bingquan as the main source of infection. North east of Henan and northern Anhui in the plain areas of the main mountain plateau to the northwest mainly Bingquan.

(B) transmission Bai Ling of China is China’s major mass media kala-azar, transmitted mainly through bites Bai Ling, the dual may be damaged skin and mucous membranes, placenta or blood transfusion.

(C) susceptibility to the crowd generally susceptible population, the disease after lasting immunity. Healthy people can have different levels of natural immunity.

(D) popular features of a wider distribution of the disease, China, India, Bangladesh, West Asia, the Mediterranean region, East Africa and Latin America have found. North of the Yangtze River of China’s popular 17 provinces. Because of the slow onset, no significant seasonal incidence. 10-year-old children within Most of male than female. The more rural than urban.

[Pathogenesis and pathological changes]

When Bai Ling bites affected people, it will be before the flagella of subcutaneous injection, a small number of neutrophils slope was bad, most of the reticuloendothelial system macrophages and swallowed up by breeding them in, hyperplasia, with the flow To the body, the destruction of macrophages, the other being a single nuclear swallowed up by macrophages, so repeatedly, leading to the body-nuclear proliferation macrophages to the liver, spleen, bone marrow and lymph node-based damage. Cell proliferation and the secondary is the obstruction of congestive liver and spleen, lymph nodes of the basic reasons. Because of hypersplenism and cell toxicity caused by autoimmune hemolytic allergy, can cause decreased blood cells, platelets significantly lower patients prone epistaxis, gingival bleeding. Since tablets of immune cells and reduce the activity of the cells, due to the lower immune function and easy to cause secondary infection. Reticuloendothelial system because of the proliferation of plasma cells increased substantially, due to increased plasma globulin, coupled with liver damage reduction of albumin, resulting in the ratio of plasma inverted egg white ball. If kidney damage can produce proteinuria.

Major diseases found in the following organs: the spleen significant swelling, weight up to 4-5 kg, capsule thickening and proliferation of macrophages containing a large number of Lidu, the plasma cell proliferation, the spleen may be due to blocked blood flow in congestive small artery Compression, a splenic infarction and spleen Gong hyperthyroidism. Late because of fibrous tissue proliferation swollen spleen hardens. Gall liver were mild to moderate swelling, thickening capsule, the District, sinusoidal, and Kupffer cells, Li Du of a large number of plasma cells and lymphocytes. Gan Xiaoye Centre liver cells and shrink under pressure, liver cells around the muddy swollen, or because of ischemia in fatty liver degeneration, or connective tissue proliferation lead to cirrhosis. Hyperplasia Chenganhongse extreme bone marrow, fat tissue significantly reduced macrophage proliferation obviously, that a large number Lidu; David tablets in the abnormal cells increased, and the late David tablets tablets of the cells, eosinophils decreased significantly; Nucleated red blood cells increase megakaryocyte normal or reduced, and significant reduction in platelets. Swollen lymph nodes, the cortex, medulla and can be found in the sinus with Li Du of macrophages, plasma cells increased. In addition, the tonsils, lung, kidney, pancreas, testes, and other organizations also macrophage proliferation, and to find Li Du of guitar. Glomerular basement membrane on the blood vessels that immune complex (IgG, M and C3) deposition, tips can be caused by immune complex nephropathy.

[Clinical]

The incubation period vary in length and an average of three to six months (10 to 9).

Early symptoms of fever, slow onset, and symptoms rather than the typical light, long-term irregular fever, about 1 / 2 to 1 / 3 cases were bimodal heat, a day temperature has increased 2 (movements of more than 1 ℃ ). Other heat can be similar to typhoid, tuberculosis, malaria or heat wave (that is, Bruton’s disease bacilli). Early fever for three to five more weeks dissipated, a few weeks after the rise again, with intermittent recurrence of such alternative, sustainable more than one year. Can be associated with chills, fever, night sweats loss of appetite, fatigue, dizziness and other symptoms. Although the fever continued over a long time, but still persist in the general labor, its characteristics.

Disease after 3 to June typical symptoms gradually clear, long-term irregular fever, fatigue, Nacha, suffering from weight loss and coughing. Anemia can hemorrhage palpitations, shortness of breath and anemia Maung, severe heart can be expanded and heart failure. Due to factors such as small board will have to reduce epistaxis, bleeding gums, and other bleeding tendencies. Enlargement of the spleen was carried out, since the disease two or three weeks to reach techniques, such as after the swollen spleen extended period of clear and gradually hardens, six months can-umbilical, while up to the pelvic, if the spleen, suppository or cold Bleeding, spleen may cause pain and tenderness, and friction can sometimes hear the sound. Later enlarged liver, spleen swollen than light, occasionally jaundice and ascites, lymph nodes were mild to moderate swelling, no tenderness.

Late patients (incidence 1 to 2 years) due to chronic malnutrition fever, extreme weight loss, resulting in children with developmental disorders. After a skin condition aggravated pigmentation, even to cirrhosis. Gong also because of hyperthyroidism spleen, reducing resistance, often complicated by pneumonia, tablets cell deficiency, such as sepsis.

In addition, lymph nodes and skin type of kala-azar, can be found in the lesions of Lidu.

[Complications]

(A) easy to secondary bacterial infections with lung inflammation, bacillary dysentery, gingival fester, Zouma Malnutrition, and so on.

(B) of agranulocytosis for the performance of high fever, extreme exhaustion, oropharyngeal ulcers and necrosis, regional lymph node swelling and blood cells as tablets in a significant reduction, or even disappear.

[Diagnosis and differential diagnosis]

(A) diagnosis

1. Epidemiological data pandemic stay or living history, Bai Ling activities for the season.

2. Clinical performance of the slow onset, long-term, repeated irregular fever, swelling of the spleen, anemia, weight loss, such as leukocyte reduction, and relatively less serious symptoms of systemic poisoning.

3. Laboratory

(1) reduce blood cells, WBC and more in the 1.5 ~ 3.0 × 108 / L, or even the lack of neutrophil; was moderate anemia, thrombocytopenia.

(2) plasma globulin was significantly higher, globulin precipitation test (water test), aldehyde coagulation tests, tests of antimony Duocheng positive albumin reduction, A / G can be inverted.

(3) serum antibodies specific antigen test positive will help diagnosis. Bone marrow, lymph nodes or spleen, liver pinning smears, found in Lidu or puncture See previous investigations of training can be confirmed in flagellum.

(4) in the treatment of diagnosis: antimony sodium gluconate available for trial, if the effect of significantly contribute to the disease diagnosis.

(B) the differential diagnosis

Application of this disease, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, malaria, Bruton’s disease bacilli, white hyperlipidemia and malignant cell disease, Hodgkin’s disease, schistosomiasis and other causes of chronic liver cirrhosis caused by, the evil of acute bacterial disease of the heart, such as periostitis Identification.

[Prognosis]

The prognosis depends on early diagnosis and early treatment. If not treated, the patient can be two or three years because of the incidence and deaths. Since the use of sodium gluconate antimony, the mortality reduction, the cure rate was 95%. A few may relapse. There are complications and poor prognosis.

[Treatment]

(A) General symptomatic treatment rest and nutrition, and complications to give blood for transfusion or tablets of cells, such as anti-infection.

(B) the preferred treatment of pathogenic antimony sodium gluconate, the total dose of adult <90 ~ 130 mg / kg, children 150 ~ 200 mg / kg, at 6, a day, or intravenous injection. Rapid and significant effect, fewer side effects. Disease-risk patients with anti-Ganji or want to switch to three weeks or therapy. Antimony of the invalid or taboo to the following non-optional antimony drugs:

1. Pentane acetamiprid (pentamidine): dose of 4 mg / kg / times, preparation of a fresh injection of 10% solution, daily, or between 1 and 10 to 15 for a course of treatment. Cure rate of around 70%.

2. The amphotericin B: antimony and pentane Acetamiprid effects of poor Shi Kejia with a daily dose from 0.1 mg / kg, gradually increased to 1.0 mg / kg, or between the intravenous drip ease, the total dose of 2.0 adults . The drug toxic to the kidneys and other organs, and to use adrenal cortex hormones, if there should be withdrawal proteinuria.

(C) splenectomy Splenectomy or spleen work with hyperthyroidism, or a variety of treatment should be considered invalid splenectomy. After treatment for pathogens, one year after treatment without recurrence, as cured.

[Prevention]

Is the main preventive measures and treatment of patients with killing Bingquan. At the same time the spraying season Bailing activities DDV, trichlorfon and other drugs to kill Bai Ling and to prevent breeding.

What is seborrheic dermatitis

What causes seborrheic dermatitis
What are the symptoms of seborrheic dermatitis
Seborrheic dermatitis check what needs to be done
How to treat

Overview
Seborrheic dermatitis is more than the distribution occurred in sebaceous rich part of a chronic skin inflammation, often downward since the beginning of the spread of the head, typical damage to An Huang Hung-papules or plaque, a clear edge, greasy surface coating of Linxie Paper or callus, with varying degrees of itching.

Cause
The disease causes not clear, some researchers believe that this disease is in Pizhiyichu on the basis of skin surface of normal flora imbalance, oval pityrosporum increase in growth caused by bacteria spores. Other factors such as genetics, stress, diet structure, chemical stimulation, Shampoo the ground, living without rules, B vitamins lack of alcohol, all with the occurrence of this disease and the development of a certain relationship.

Symptoms
1, the surface coating of Linxie or oily skin scab, a clear edge Anhuang red grouper, grouper plates or Ban Qiuzhen.
2, rash occurs in the scalp, eyebrows Department, eyelids, nose and on both sides, ears, neck, chest and upper back area between the scapula, armpit, groin, navel Waterloo, and other rich sebaceous distribution sites.
3, symptoms to varying degrees of itching.
4, occurs in adults or newborns.
5, chronic disease, easily repeated, the head often cause seborrheic alopecia.

Check
1, skin diseases special inspection.
2, pathological examination.

Treatment
1, systemic treatment:
(1) vitamins: vitamin B2, B6 and vitamin B complex, and so on.
(2) and anti depressants: intense itching, to be calm antipruritic agent.
(3) inflammation or inflammation of the significantly larger when appropriate given corticosteroid hormones and antibiotics.
2, local treatment: to dissolve sebum and reduce excess fat, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial and anti-itching.
(1) corticosteroid preparations.
(2) antibiotic agents.
(3) anti-fungal agents.

Septic shock

Septic shock is the variety of pathogens and toxins from the body after the invasion caused to the microcirculation, tissue perfusion of blood shortage, leading to an important organ of life of acute dysfunction syndrome, and often occur in toxic bacillary dysentery, and the outbreak of flow Brain, bleeding of necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, severe pneumonia and acute biliary tract infection and other infectious diseases on the basis of clinical to looking pale and limbs of the cooler skin Fahua, reduce the amount of urine, blood pressure dropped as the main performance. Pediatrics is one of the common critical illnesses.
Clinical performance
1. Or looking pale lips, Zhizhi cyanosis, skin Fahua. 2. Hand, Foot and a cooler filled capillaries to extend the time. 3. Thin-speed pulse, blood pressure measuring less than even decline, the narrow pulse pressure. 4. Urine output reduction. 5. Fuzzy consciousness, a coma or indifferent expression. 6. Anal toe temperature> 6 ℃.
Diagnosis
1. Are the primary infection. 2. Looking pale, peripheral and mucosal cyanosis, skin-like patterns change, peripheral cold. 3. Pulse of small-speed, filling time again capillary> = 2 seconds. 4. Urine output reduction, mild shock five babies per hour ￣ 10 ml, children 10 ￣ 20 ml, severe shock babies per hour less than 5 ml, children less than 10 ml. 5. Measurement of blood pressure dropped to less than, pulse pressure <4 Kpa (30mmHg), early mild shock to normal blood pressure. 6. Make them apathetic, fuzzy consciousness, respiratory markedly accelerated.
Treatment principle
1. Expansion of blood volume, correct acid poisoning. 2. Microcirculation to lift the vessel spasm. 3. Cardiac treatment. 4. Anti-infection. 5. Application of adrenal glucocorticoid. 6. The protection of critical organ function, prevention and treatment of brain edema, heart failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and acute renal failure.
Treatment principle
1. Septic shock, according to the incidence of bacteria on the choice of at least two sensitive to antibiotics, intravenous injection, the dose should be enough, treatment should be enough. Pathogens do not know, the choice of two broad-spectrum, highly effective microbicides, and take into account cocci bacteria, identify pathogens, according to drug sensitivity. 2. Shock patients with various degrees of cardiac function decline in the first batch of quick infusion should be used cardiac drugs, with heart failure, it is necessary to appropriately control the speed and the infusion of liquid aggregate limit Hanna hypertonic dehydration solution and the application of . 3. Fulminant ECM with shock, often disseminated intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis hyperthyroidism exist, the rescue without waiting for laboratory results when, according to clinical signs and symptoms of immediate treatment, while heparin and 6 — Amino acid. 4. Shock with acute renal failure, should be accurate calculation of access and maintain water and electrolyte balance, improve the application of dopamine and 654-2 renal microcirculation. 5. Naloxone for morphine receptor antagonist, the antagonism of β-brown Fei’s role in reversing the shock when low blood pressure, often used in refractory shock will be good effect, when the shock treatment with traditional methods invalid , Should be timely use of naloxone.

Children shock

Shock is common in pediatric critical severe, according to the cause can be divided into different reasons: septic shock, anaphylactic shock, cardiogenic shock, hemorrhagic shock, neurogenic shock, and its effective cycle output reduction, Is a common pathophysiological basis. Reduce blood volume, cardiac output and reduce the microcirculation, the shock is the key to the development.

Cause

① septic shock is a serious infection on the basis of the results of interaction between a variety of factors, both humoral factors and the role of cell damage, but also the changes in microcirculation, together form the complicated process of the pathophysiology.
② hemorrhagic shock due to blood loss and more, the loss of so sharp decrease in blood volume.
③ cardiogenic shock due to heart Bengxue dysfunction, cardiac output caused a sharp decrease.
④ anaphylactic shock outsiders antigen enters the body of material generated by the strong reaction of the body, leading to expansion of blood vessels, increased permeability, plasma leakage, the result of sharp decline in blood circulation.
⑤ neurogenic shock occurred in severe pain caused vascular expansion, microcirculation congestion, effective when the sharp decline in circulating blood volume, due to trauma Most of it is also called traumatic shock.

Diagnosis

Primarily on the basis of clinical manifestations, various types of shock is a common feature: looking pale and limbs Jueleng, shortness of breath, Xiruo pulse, blood pressure dropped, urine output reduction, the spirit of Weimi or irritability, and so on.

Infection in infants and young children on the basis of a fever or body temperature or not, looking pale and limbs Jueleng, anorexia, lethargy or irritability, staring eyes, irregular breathing, heart rate> 160 / points, consideration should be given shock.

Older children, after repeated chills high fever, or rectal means (toe) temperature> 6 ℃ above, Jingshenbuzhen, no significant loss of body fluids circumstances orbital depression, body temperature and pulse out of proportion, sweat Lin Li, pulse pressure on the poor, There should also consider the shock.

Advanced disease has become more severe, breathing rhythm is not the whole, skin mucosa cyanosis, limbs Jueleng, Zhoushen a pattern, no palpable pulse or breakdown, measurement of blood pressure lowering or not, reduce the amount of urine, seizures or unclear consciousness, and often With organ failure.

Monitoring

In a simple principle, the following items through the monitoring of the estimated illness and prognosis help:

① drastic changes in temperature: T> 40 ℃ or not or, or anus that (toe) temperature> 6 ℃;
② consciousness change: indifferent, irritability, semi-conscious or unconscious;
③ blood pressure: pulse pressure <2 6kPa (20mmHg), or decreased blood pressure than the original 4 kPa (30mmHg), close to the pulse and blood pressure, pulse if the rules effectively, is also quite normal blood pressure, pulse Xiruo if they fail, blood pressure is also the majority Reduced or no measurement;
④ urine or decreased urine: urine monitoring cycle is an important indicator of the situation, oliguria means school-age children <400 ml / d, pre-school children <300 ml / d, baby <200 ml / d, 24 hours of urine < 30 ~ 50m1 said no urine;
⑤ edema, usually with albumin concentrations decrease.