SR-A in the treatment of embracing the value of nephritis

A-embracing as a new generation of cellular immune inhibitors, used to treat nephritis is a new drug. It mechanism and the role of the body of interleukin-1 reduced the release of the two. Interleukin-2 is a helper T cell lymphatic release of a factor is the B-cell stimulating factor. A use-embracing, the helper T cells was inhibited, interleukin-2 synthesis and release of the reduction will reduce glomerular inflammation. A current-embracing used to treat the most common chronic nephritis and nephrotic syndrome, but also validation phase.
The preliminary view:
1, on steroid-dependent often repeated seizures or minimal change nephropathy effectively.
2, a hormone therapy side effects or complications heavier, can be used embracing-A.
3, nephritis rapid deterioration of renal function, can also be used to the drug.
But embracing a heavier-A liver and kidney toxicity, and will relapse after treatment. A release of embracing treatment of nephrotic syndrome is not the best drug. Generally preferred adrenal cortex hormones plus cyclophosphamide. Cyclosporin A small lesion type of nephritis effective as other types of nephritis less effective, efficient about 30% to 50%. General amount per kg body weight daily 5 mg. Two months after treatment, the appropriate reduction, six months after the withdrawal.
A side effect of embracing hypertension, liver and kidney dysfunction, nausea, vomiting, secondary infection, and more hair, gingival hyperplasia, such as hyperuricemia. Application of the drug must be supervised by medical practitioners, under guardianship. Hypertension and renal dysfunction were cautiously uses, at the same time to avoid the use of other drugs and renal toxicity-K diuretics. During the regular drug testing should be embracing-A blood drug concentration in order to timely adjust dosage.

Kidney disease early performance

Http://www.qm120.com 2005-11-8 9:47:52 Source:
Some patients to kidney initial medical treatment, it was diagnosed as “advanced kidney disease.” Why is this? Because of kidney disease varied clinical manifestations, but no more specific. Early disease patients can be without any discomfort, even though some discomfort, it was not easy attention. Many kidney patients often to medical treatment outside the department or self-medication treatment for some patients do not consider themselves sick, the disease has never seen, the first time aware of their suffering from kidney disease, it has come to renal failure - uremia of. Well, kidney disease early sign of what?
Edema
Kidney disease is characterized by edema Chen Qi eyelid or facial edema, more than dissipated afternoon, after increasing exertion and rest after alleviate. Serious edema can occur in the body falls parts such as the dual-medial ankle, and both lower extremities, such as lumbosacral.
Hypertension
Kidney disease caused by high blood pressure, hypertension and the other will be headache, dizziness, vertigo, tinnitus, and other symptoms, but some patients due to long-term high blood pressure, hypertension symptoms have tolerance, it can no discomfort. Therefore, there are asymptomatic alone to judge whether the elevated blood pressure is not desirable, often blood pressure measurement is very necessary.
Lumbago
District kidney pain discomfort, or persistent Yinyinzuotong Duntong.
Urine too much or too little of the normal volume for 1000 to 2000 ml / day, with an average of 1500 ml / day around. Whether increased or decreased urine output, is likely the performance of kidney disease, especially nocturnal polyuria kidney disease is often a signal.
Abnormal urine tests
If urine routine inspection found that protein, occult blood, red blood cells, white blood cell, type, ketones, urine sugar, and so on, should be done further checks to clear diagnosis.

Almond nephritis patients can be cut?

On nephritis patients, control and removal of tonsillitis, and Paranasal Sinuses, otitis media, and other lesions is very important. Advocate general, acute nephritis deferred from March to June Buyu, or almond repeated inflammation, swelling, should be Tonsillectomy to remove lesions. Surgery is the best time: nephritis condition is relatively stable, and protein in urine is less than 10, less than 10 red blood cells / high-power field of vision, tonsil no acute inflammation. Then suitable for surgery. Before and after surgery, the application of penicillin anti-infection at least two weeks.

Nephritis patients can not eat protein?

Indeed, it was that (including some medical staff), nephritis patients is not allowed to eat protein. This view is one-sided and wrong. Development of chronic nephritis even to the most serious period - the period of uremic patients, but also advocated eating high-quality low-protein diet, and that adults not less than 20 grams of protein daily. Fasting is not protein. Uremic patients during dialysis, particularly peritoneal dialysis, the daily consumption of protein for more. Nephrotic syndrome patients, the loss due to large number of protein in urine, plasma protein, and renal function better, advocate the consumption of high-protein diet, daily intake of 90 to 100 grams of protein, otherwise, low plasma protein can not hyperlipidemia correct, edema not dissipated, poor body resistance inevitable, which is detrimental to the patient. Of course, that chronic nephritis patients, blood quality has been significantly increased nitrogen, protein intake without restriction, is also incorrect. Because it can accelerate the deterioration of renal function, the patient is also harmful. Each specific patients, the number of daily consumption should be protein diet, the best decision by the renal physician.

Chronic interstitial nephritis diagnosis and treatment

Chronic interstitial nephritis (CIN) also known as chronic renal interstitial nephritis is a group of renal tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis chronic diseases into the main performance. Early in the main renal tubular dysfunction. Late for the progress of chronic renal failure. The etiology of this disease caused a lot of common urinary tract obstruction is with the complexity of chronic pyelonephritis, and drugs, metabolic or autoimmune disease caused the incidence of this syndrome characteristics and causes close. If the infection due to the good in young and middle-aged women, the incidence of drug and the medication (especially painkillers) relating to the history, regional differences may be related to race, climate, eating habits and other relevant. Impaired renal function and prognosis of the extent and degree of hypertension. Poor prognosis mainly from the threat of uremia and hypertension.
Clinical manifestations
Implicit this disease slow progress in the passage. Patients often show the first tubular dysfunction. Proximal tubular reabsorption of renal dysfunction caused diabetes. Concentrated distal renal tubular dysfunction caused nocturnal enuresis, and the osmotic pressure to reduce Nibichong tubular proteinuria (low-molecular-weight proteinuria, its volume <0.5-1.5 g/24h); renal acidification caused renal tubular dysfunction acidosis. Then there will be glomerular damage, and gradually increased in patients with serum creatinine conventional urine abnormalities, the general only mildly abnormal, and often mild proteinuria, a small amount of red, WBC and type. Until entering uremia. And renal damage at the same time often accompanied by hypertension and anemia.
Diagnosis
1. Chronic pyelonephritis history or history of abuse of painkillers;
2. Onset hidden passage, polyuria, nocturia, mild proteinuria;
3. Urine routine examination, urine protein ± - +, the following proportion of 1.015, pH> 6.5;
4. Quantitative urine protein ≤ 1.5 g / 24 hours, low-molecular-weight proteinuria;
5. Excretion of phenol red dilution test pilot and condensed tips tubular dysfunction;
6. Urine lysozyme and urine β2-microglobulin increased.
This disease diagnosed mainly rely on pathological examination, clinical diagnosis of suspected renal biopsy should be carried out as soon as possible.
Treatment
Principles should actively remove pathogenic cause, according to cause medication to delay the progress of renal damage.
1, the treatment causes, such as drug allergies disable, remove infected;
2, symptomatic therapy support: renal anemia, hypertension corresponding processing;
3, antibiotic therapy;
4, correct electrolyte and acid-base balance disorders disorder;
5, in end-stage renal failure, dialysis treatment: hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis or renal transplantation;
6, Chinese medicine: Cordyceps promote primary renal tubular epithelial cell growth, and promote restoration of damaged cells and improve the stability of the membrane, tubular epithelial cells enhance the ability of hypoxia tolerance to a certain treatment interstitial nephritis .

Acute interstitial nephritis diagnosis and treatment

Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) also known as acute tubular - interstitial nephritis, a group of renal interstitial (inflammatory cell infiltration) and the small (degeneration) into a major performance of the acute disease.

Clinical manifestations
First, systemic manifestations common allergy drug eruption, drugs and the heat-blood eosinophilia, and sometimes that joint pain and swollen lymph nodes. But by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are often caused no systemic allergic performance.
Second, urine tests often appear abnormal leukocyte aseptic urine, hematuria and proteinuria. Sustained mild proteinuria, but non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs caused glomerular minimal change nephropathy common when proteinuria and the resulting large number of nephrotic syndrome.
Third, renal dysfunction often acute renal failure, with or without oliguria. And due to renal tubular damage, there renal diabetes, and the low proportion of urine osmolality.

Diagnosis
The typical acute interstitial nephritis patients often:
1, the recent history of medication;
2, systemic allergic performance;
3, abnormal urine tests;
4, and renal tubular dysfunction ball
The general view is that if the performance of the previous two, coupled with the latter two in any of the clinical diagnosis of acute interstitial nephritis can be set up. But atypical cases often without the second, we must rely on renal biopsy pathologic examination confirmed.

Treatment
First, disable sensitizing drugs to remove allergens, the majority of mild acute interstitial nephritis can gradually ease their own.
Second, the immunosuppressive treatment of severe cases to take glucocorticoids such as prednisone daily 30 - 40 mg, conditions gradually improved after the reduction, taking a total of 2-3 months, to speed up the disease in remission. Indications for the use of hormones 1, suspended after drug recovery of renal function delay; 2, diffuse renal interstitial cell infiltration or granuloma formation; 3, the rapid deterioration of renal function; 4, serious renal failure dialysis treatment. For the impact of therapy or oral. Rarely need to and use of poison cells.
Third, dialysis treatment of acute renal failure cases should be promptly dialysis treatment
Acute interstitial nephritis better prognosis, mostly reversible, a small number of patients can be left kidney damage, and for the development of end-stage renal failure. The prognosis mainly the severity of the disease, renal function in renal interstitial infiltration of acute renal failure and the duration of the age.

A summary of interstitial nephritis and classification

A tubular interstitial nephritis is a group from various causes of kidney disease. Major violations of lesions and renal tubular interstitial clinical renal tubular dysfunction by their outstanding performance. On the course, a tubular interstitial nephritis acute and chronic can be divided into two categories; according to the etiology of infection, drugs, and genetic immune-mediated metabolism disorders such as interstitial nephritis caused. Clinical caused by the drug, is the most common, followed by urinary tract obstruction with the complexity of the cause to chronic pyelonephritis.

The main basis of diagnosis is:
(1) patients with history of drug use or a history of chronic pyelonephritis.
(2) early in the disease usually do not glomerular disease clinical features, such as Shuinazhuliu, edema, hypertension, and renal tubular dysfunction occurred in the earlier and glomerular dysfunction and disproportionate. In addition, renal dysfunction without hypertension, and a mild increase in proteinuria.
In view of a tubular more than 90 percent of the cause of interstitial nephritis belong to the government, so early diagnosis is essential, even for renal dysfunction have occurred patients, if detection and timely handle reversible factors (such as urinary obstruction, infection, etc.), can also suspend its development, and can even improve renal function.

Cystic kidney

What is cystic kidney disease?

Cystic kidney disease refers to a single kidney or a benign cyst containing liquid a large group of diseases. Cyst in the past often not because of its size but not easily found in asymptomatic, but since the B-ultrasound and CT applications since (the former can be found in a 0.5 diameter of the cyst lcm, which can be found in diameter 0.3 to 0.5 cm), the cases increased significantly , cystic kidneys become a common clinical kidney disease, with simple renal cysts with the most common, followed by polycystic kidney disease, the latter extensive lesions, and affect kidney function, the greater clinical significance.

What is a polycystic kidney disease, how typing?

Polycystic kidney disease is the kidney cortex and medulla countless cyst a hereditary kidney disease, according to genetic divided into two types: ① autosomal dominant genetic type, this type of general symptoms to adults only, it is also called adult ; ② autosomal recessive genetic type, usually in the baby that is evident, also known as infantile.

What are the clinical manifestations of polycystic kidney?

Childhood kidney size or slightly smaller than normal, even minor can be found in the cysts. Age growth in the number and size of cysts are gradually increasing, but the slow process, the majority of the 30-year-old long after the cyst and kidney when more symptoms. Common symptoms are: ① kidney enlargement: 5-6 times greater than normal, both sides have significant differences. Early kidney enlargement imaging examination can be found serious abdominal palpation that can be found. ② lumbar abdominal discomfort, pain: This is renal cysts and increased renal capsule Tension increased traction or renal pedicle vessels and nerves caused. Suddenly intensified the pain often intracystic hemorrhage or secondary infection, or bleeding after the merger stones blocked ureter can cause blood clots renal colic. ③ proteinuria and interleukin urine: 20 ~ 40-year-old patient in the 20% to 40% have mild persistent proteinuria, and 24-hour urinary protein 1 g or less in general. Interleukin urine Most of urinary tract infection but not necessarily. ④ hypertension: Early this disease is a common performance, and directly affect the prognosis. According to reports, without azotemia nearly 60 percent of patients in hypertension; normal renal function in patients with hypertension, renal blood pressure significantly more than normal. ⑤ renal dysfunction; general rarely occur before the age of 30 with chronic renal failure, and 59-year-old, has lost about half of the patients required renal replacement therapy.

Polycystic kidney disease, renal What performance?

(1) polycystic liver: over the age of 60 found that 70% of patients with polycystic liver, autopsy see more materials, more than 90 percent of cases have polycystic liver, and the incidence of renal cyst is not the severity of the parallel, the more general Late renal cyst found in 10, and develop more slowly. Women (especially the mothers) and a high incidence of early onset age, the number of cysts more likely to be female hormone involved in its formation.

(2) intracranial aneurysms: a rate of 10% ~ 40%, 9% of the patients died of intracranial aneurysms rupture of the most dangerous diseases combined.

(3) heart valve abnormality: It has been observed that the incidence of mitral valve prolapse for 26%, mitral or tricuspid regurgitation were 31%, 15%.

What are the complications of polycystic kidney disease?

(1) of urinary tract infection include: cystitis, pyelonephritis, infection and renal cysts around the abscess. Which pyelonephritis and cyst infection more difficult to identify, there interleukin type of conventional urinary tract infection and antibiotic therapy rapid response to the diagnosis of pyelonephritis, and positive blood culture and local tenderness tend to have cyst infection.

(2), and renal calculi calcification: when there is pain, cramps or gross hematuria with stones thought to be possible. According to statistics with the rate of nearly 20 percent, composition to the most common calcium and uric acid.

Why polycystic kidney chronic renal failure?

Polycystic kidney chronic renal failure mechanism, except as a result of cyst oppression, replace normal kidney tissue, there are the following two factors: ① non-cyst Organization (small tubes, stromal, vascular) ischemia, sclerosis and / or inflammation , fibrosis; ② sexual function renal units caused the loss of the remaining high-normal renal perfusion units, as well as promoting renal hyperfiltration growth factor for the formation of renal units were further damage. Therefore, the situation in the region decided renal damage pace of development. High blood pressure and urinary tract infections are also affecting the pace of development of renal dysfunction factors. The development of the same family to uremia similar to the time limit.

Polycystic kidney disease patients should pay attention to what matters?

(1) General: sports and avoid severe abdominal trauma, kidney enlargement should avoid obvious belt hard to prevent the cyst rupture.

(2) control of hypertension: the protection of renal function play a decisive role. Choice of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, other antihypertensive agents such as calcium antagonists, and vasodilator? - Receptor antagonist.

(3) actively prevent and treat urinary tract infections: a predilection for women, urinary tract infection prevention methods reference content.

Polycystic kidney disease prognosis?

Renal function was normal in 50-year-old at the rate of 71 per cent, 58-year-old at 58 per cent, at the age of 70 for 23 percent. Men poor prognosis, early onset, and poor prognosis. The artificial control of other prognostic factors are hypertension, the number of pregnancy, urinary tract infection secondary to the frequency of such. Before entering the dialysis and renal transplantation, the patients developed symptoms, particularly renal dysfunction, only 10 survived, about every three years serum creatinine increase of 1%, half the decline in serum creatinine clearance rate, but If elevated serum creatinine has never been, and no stones, infections and severe hypertension, can survive 30 a 40. Dialysis or kidney transplantation in polycystic kidney disease patients, and other basic life dialysis and renal transplant patients similar.

Simple renal cysts with polycystic kidney What is the difference?

Speaking from the pathogenesis, and polycystic kidney different, simple renal cysts but not by the inherent genetic acquired formed. Has in the past that it is caused by ischemia, a series of recent studies that may be developed from the tubular diverticulum. Increase with age, remote controls and set small increase in the diverticulum, simple renal cysts in the rate of increase as a result. Simple renal cysts naturally slow to change, some people have used the B-year follow-up observation of a few and found that only a small number of changes, mainly the increase in the number, followed by the slight increase in the size of a small number of mild narrowing. Simple renal cysts generally not developed symptoms, often for the purposes of other urinary tract X-ray and B-ultrasonic or abdominal CT scan was found at no intention. Can occur hematuria and pain, but also can occur secondary to renal calyceal obstruction and infection, but will not lead to renal failure.

What is acquired Renal Disease?

Acquired Renal Disease refers to long-term hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis patients with uremia, in the absence of a kidney cyst cystic degeneration. The pathogenesis of this disease of unknown, most patients with asymptomatic, without special treatment. Some patients may be due to bleeding or infection caused repeated back pain or colic. Other reports that the disease may have cancer, at this time have also been suffering from kidney resection.

Basic knowledge of kidney disease

The broad structure of a kidney is what

Retroperitoneal spine in the kidneys on both sides, about the one, the shape of Vicia faba. Normal kidneys each weighing about 125 to 150 g, and 10 to 12 cm long, 5 to 6 cm wide, 3-4 cm thick. With renal kidney major abdominal fascia fixed in the posterior wall, and the upper edge of an l or 12 thoracic vertebrae with high margin up to the second lumbar vertebra. Right left kidney lower than 1-2 cm. Kidney medial central depression, called renal hilum, kidney blood vessels, nerves and ureter from here after all. From the surface to plunge inward magnify kidney, renal parenchyma showed hierarchical structure: the outer cortex, the inner medulla. Renal cortical thickness lcm, there are many small red particles points, or glomeruli. Part of the cortex to enter into between MERCOSUR, a kidney-chu. Renal medulla about the thickness of 2 / 3, can be divided into a number of conical body, known as renal Cone. Cone called renal papillary sophisticated, prominent in the renal calyceal within. There are many nipple each nipple hole for the opening of the nipple, forming screen, kidney formation of urine will enter renal calyceal. Renal calyceal was funnel-shaped, each enveloping renal calyceal general to a number of renal papilla, each about 7 to kidney renal calyceal 12, several components of renal calyceal a large renal calyceal, several kidney Set a beacon of the renal pelvis, ureter and renal hilum out the same.

Renal unit from which components

Renal units by renal tubular body and composed. A renal unit is about 50 mm, the total bilateral renal units can be up to 70 km above the renal unit usually only a small part in the work, we can see that the kidney reserve is tremendous. Body by the kidney and renal glomerular capsule composed of small spherical structure, with the formation of urine and filtering role in glomerulonephritis is the main lesion. Glomerular group is the core of a glomus Network, which ends with the goal of the small artery, the artery connected to the ball, glomerular outside wrapped in a funnel-shaped capsule that the renal capsule. Renal tubular cyst cavity and the same, from the proximal tubular pipe, myeloid loop and the distal tubules three components. Apart from the role of renal excretion, but also re-absorption function. Glomerular filtration normal daily income of 180 L of the liquid around, and the daily volume of 1.5 L alone, almost 99% were tubular reabsorption. Therefore, the regulation tubular water metabolism is very important, and renal tubular reabsorption function as a selective, therefore, useful to humans almost all the glucose was re-absorption, and metabolism of some human-generated waste, such as nitrogen Last metabolites, absorption and excretion are not out. Is a corporation Fanqu glomerular capillary network of Cong, wrapped in renal capsule. It is the end goal of the small arteries and arterioles of the ball access, known as glomerular vascular very, very relative and vascular side, and the proximal tubules linked, as a glomerular urine. Glomerular small artery into the goal, which is divided into 4-6 branch, each branch to tell many small, composed of many loop-shaped capillary lobular (in the middle of mesangial lobular support), lobular the first capillary Set the number of sticks, and then the ball together into a small artery, a blood vessel from leaving glomerular. Glomerular capillary wall from the inside to outside the three-tier structure, namely the endothelial cell layer and basement membrane, cells layer, the blood glomerular filtration, the composition of the plasma can be selectively filtering . Under normal circumstances, the vast majority of proteins in the blood can not be filtration, only small molecular substances such as urea, glucose, electrolytes and certain small molecule protein filtration, but in pathological conditions, such as chronic glomerulonephritis, The glomerular lesions, macromolecular material can escape from macromolecules proteinuria.

Which tubular components

Renal proximal tubules by the smaller of the (small), and distal small tube, is a slender pipeline of epithelial monolayer. Proximal tubular pipe is in the paragraphs from the selective re-absorption of the main site, which is the longest in the tubular section of the rough, a diameter of about 50-60 / um, about 14 mm, or about the entire tubular 1 / 4. There are 3 of the length, that is, proximal tubular neck, and proximal tubules of the song (proximal tubules), the proximal tubules of the straight. Proximal small tube cavity without rules, the wall for single cone-shaped cells, cells in the lumen of a brush border, and is composed of many of microvilli on the composition of microvilli on the total surface area of 60 m, is lifting absorption of the structural basis. Small tubular pipe for the second part of about 10 mm, the downlink and uplink of the fine does not have active transport functions, but with current multiplier function, the urine concentration play an important role. Distal renal tubular pipe for the third part, including the Ministry of straight, and the song of the tight spot. Straight thin tube with the Department and the Department of proximal tubules a straight myeloid loop and the distal tubules of the song called distal convoluted tubules. Straight distal tubular epithelial cells of the active transport of sodium ions, regulating acid-base balance, the small tube into isotonic solution from low permeability, then into hypertonic, in the countercurrent multiplication play an important role. Downlink distal tubules are connected with the collecting duct.

How is the formation of urine

After the formation of urine urine, urine final two stages. That the original urine of glomerular filtration, their components and plasma components almost the same as the urine from the bladder urine that end, which we call the popular urine, and the composition of the original urine are very different. End of the formation of urine through three main processes.

(1) the flow of blood to glomerular glomerular filtration, water and plasma filter out some material form glomerular filtration solution (the original urine), so that urine is directly derived from the blood.

(2) renal tubular reabsorption of the tubular urine, 99% were re-absorption of water, was also re-absorption of glucose, protein, sodium and chloride ions.

(3) renal collecting duct and the excretion and renal tubular epithelial cells in the collecting duct can be around the capillaries of a number of components transit or renal excretion into the pool and within the lumen. Therefore, the formation of urine, including three processes: namely, filtration, re-absorption, and excretion. Impact of this process three factors can affect any urine production.

What are the functions of the kidney

Has two kinds of kidney function, which generated urine and endocrine function. Through the formation and excretion of urine to maintain body water, electrolyte, acid-base balance, maintenance of stability in the environment, through secretion of a variety of bioactive substances (mainly renin, erythropoietin, high activity of vitamin D3, prostate - and kallikrein enzymes) to regulate blood pressure and metabolism of calcium and phosphorus, stimulate the bone marrow. They are as follows:

(1) the formation of urine, maintaining water and electrolyte balance in the normal water too much or too low, will be adopted to regulate the kidney, in order to maintain moisture between value, such as the heat, strenuous exercise or work, sweat more , in water less, to reduce urine volume; cold weather on the urine more. Urine also drinking more, not less drinking urine. Because kidney patients renal lesions lead to such water balance dysfunction, there can be swelling and other symptoms.

Glomerular filtrate containing various electrolytes in the blood, when entering tubular, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, chloride and phosphate, etc. Most of the re-absorption. Tubular according to the requirements of the body to regulate its re-absorption in order to maintain electrolyte balance. There plasma protein, glucose, amino acids, hormones, vitamins and inorganic salts, such as in the blood can often remain relatively stable, and can not be separated from the regulatory functions of the kidney. The kidneys of these regulatory role in the maintenance of normal physiological activities of the human body is very important.

(2) from the row of urinary waste, toxic and drug metabolism in the human body all the time, in the process gas generated will be even more harmful to the human body do not waste such as urea, uric acid, creatinine, and other nitrogenous material, sulfate and other sulphur content material, as well as inorganic phosphate, etc.. Kidney can turn the waste from the body, not in the blood of excessive savings in order to maintain normal physiological activities of the human body. In addition, the kidney can enter the body of some toxic substances from the body. Many major drug is excreted by the kidneys. Once had kidney disease, drugs from the reduced dosage must also be a corresponding reduction, or they will poisoning occurred, resulting in kidney damage.

(3) maintain the acid-base balance in the body when the acid-base balance disorders, the body’s physiological activities will take place obstacles, resulting in a series of symptoms. Metabolic processes in the kidney can produce acidic substances excreted through urine, and would be able to control acid and alkaline substances from the proportion of when any of the substances in the blood increased, the kidneys will be part of the surplus to discharge, kidney maintain and regulate acid-base balance is the main function of bicarbonate through the re-absorption and excretion of hydrogen ions to achieve. Some kidney patients had metabolic acidosis, it is because the kidney lost in the maintenance of acid-base balance in the function.

(4) the endocrine function of the kidney is not only renal excretion organs, is an important endocrine organ, can secrete hormones many. For example, kidney role in the secretion of plasma renin angiotensin the original, so that it becomes angiotensin, which can stimulate vasoconstriction and cardiac contractility to high blood pressure; kidney manufactured erythropoietin can stimulate bone marrow stem cells Hematopoietic, such erythropoietin produced less, there will be anemia; In addition, the kidney can produce prostaglandins, kallikrein, as well as high activity of vitamin D3 (1-25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), these substances on human blood pressure regulation and calcium and phosphorus metabolism, and promote osteoblast, is also very important.

Common kidney diseases which

Kidney disease is glomeruli and tubules, and renal interstitial renal vascular diseases, which are common acute nephritis, chronic nephritis, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, occult nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and urinary tract infections. The continuous development of various diseases, in the later, there will be chronic renal failure.

What are the common kidney disease symptoms

Common symptoms of kidney disease edema, hypertension, Niaoshao or anuria, polyuria, frequency, hematuria, the bubble in urine increased, lumbar pain and other systemic symptoms.

(1) often seen in the eyelid edema, ankle and back hip. Can be accompanied by serious pleural effusion, and ascites perineum (the scrotum and labia minora) edema. If the damaged skin, edema fluid can be more than overflow. Edema position may change with the position of the movement, such as when lying orbital soft tissue around the most obvious, after standing or sedentary can appear in the medial anterior malleolus pitting edema. When accompanied by edema in Niaoshao and weight gain, patients with severe systemic edema fluid can be as high as 20-30 L, to identify whether edema, a day to get up emptying, urine, body weight measured fasting to observe the day-to-day changes .

(2) treatment of hypertension kidney patients should pay attention to check blood pressure, elevated blood pressure if, the disease is often increase performance. On the other hand, patients with hypertension should also be noted urine routine inspection, observed changes in blood pressure and urine protein changes in the relationship between the physician to identify kidney disease is caused by hypertension, or high blood pressure caused by kidney damage.

(3) Niaoshao or 24-hour urine volume adults less than 400 ml (per hour or less than 15-20 m1) called oliguria, anuria less than lOOml called. At this point urine from the kidney can no longer in the body’s metabolism from the waste and toxins, can not regulate water and electrolyte environment within the stability and balance, should urgently seek medical attention.

(4) polyuria and nocturia per day over 2500 ml urine that polyuria. If there is no excessive drinking, not using diuretic drugs, do not have diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus no vertical system of outside factors, such as kidney, urine is more concentrated tubular dysfunction performance. Normal night Bainiaoliang a certain regularity, day urine output should exceed night, the ratio of 2 to 3:1, nocturia should not be more than 750 ml. If nocturnal enuresis increased, the ratio of urine day and night change is also concentrated tubular dysfunction performance. If inspections can be found Nibichong infiltration and urine concentrations of Chinese medicine to reduce the formation of the view that this phenomenon is Shenqi weak, Ha Yuen not solid, perturbation satisfied that the right result.

(5) frequency of micturition frequency refers to urinate more often, but every little urine, urinary urgency is Biebuzhu; Niaotong means voiding urethra and the lower abdomen pain and was particularly prevalent in the cystitis.

(6) hematuria is the blood of glomerular injury, or tubular Road caused mixed with urine. If the amount of bleeding, without aids, the naked eye can detect, said gross hematuria; less bleeding, invisible to the naked eye, centrifugal precipitation after admission to the dregs of smear, as observed with a microscope that can be found microscopic hematuria. Generally considered gross hematuria was particularly prevalent in the stones, tumors and other urologic diseases, and for the majority of microscopic hematuria glomerular diseases.

(7) the bubble in urine increased in urine is the performance of a large number of proteins, this should be done urine routine and 24-hour urinary protein quantitative examination.

(8) paroxysmal severe low back pain low back pain, and even along the side of the abdomen to the perineum thigh radiation, or with vomiting, known as the “renal colic” and was particularly prevalent in the renal pelvis or ureter stones stone at this time to observe whether hematuria. pyelonephritis, low back pain accompanied with fever, kidney area (the back side of the ridge rib angle, that is, Beiyao Department) Kouji pain, urine test can be found leukocytosis, urinary cultivating bacteria growth. Only when the majority of glomerular diseases waist discomfort, pain, or only flu lumbar acid.

(9) Other mental sluggishness, loss of appetite, fatigue limb soft and looking pale, anemia, and so on, should be considered chronic renal failure may, in time to do blood and urine of the inspection.

Lumbago whether kidney illness

“The lumbar renal House”, meaning that the waist is the kidney House residence, low back pain will naturally think of the kidney illness. After peritoneal kidney at the waist, so when the renal pelvis or ureter obstruction, renal artery embolization, acute renal volume increases, or purulent inflammation, the low back pain can be severe. But in chronic nephritis, nephrotic syndrome kidney patients, such as medicine, are often not only lumbar acid, rarely severe low back pain. It is worth noting that low back pain had also occurred in other diseases, such as lumbar spine bone diseases, women’s diseases and psoas pelvic disease. Low back pain more with the former, the Chichong and posture, and the latter is accompanied by other symptoms of the disease women.

Edema is whether the kidney disease

Kidney patients edema can occur, but kidney patients can be no edema. Edema is kidney disease symptoms, but also some kidney disease, the common symptoms. Apart from diseases caused edema kidney disease, but also heart disease, cirrhosis, severe malnutrition, corresponding to the examination to be finalized. Kidney disease again in the nephrotic syndrome, chronic nephritis syndrome and acute tubular necrosis oliguria period prone to edema, and chronic renal disease, chronic renal interstitial diseases such as pyelonephritis generally not swollen. Renal failure, if mainly glomerular damage, often in edema, but the original urine renal tubular water re-absorption decreased, there polyuria and nocturia increased edema occurred or not. So edema can not be used as kidney disease severity of the signs.

Urine routine examination of what is the point of kidney disease

Urine routine inspection should cover Niaobichong, urine protein characterization for urinary sediment after centrifugation and the cell-counting. Conventional urine of nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, urinary tract infection, such as the common kidney disease have greater diagnostic value, if continuous observation of the changes, to understand the response of drug treatment, it is a convenient means of detection. Some kidney patients and there are no conspicuous typical symptoms, and often delay diagnosis and treatment, urine routine inspection found to be neglected in these potential kidney disease. Because tonsillitis, pyoderma, scarlet fever easily induced acute nephritis, so these patients should be two weeks after onset for a month in the urine routine examination. Hypertension, diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus and other diseases may cause kidney damage, these patients should also be regularly checked urine routine.

Kidney patients should pay attention to what the inspection

Speaking of kidney disease, urine routine examination is important, but it is important not only urine routine inspection. In fact, the amount of urinary protein minor fluctuations between (”+”~”++”) or to a few dozen cells the difference does not have any significance. In addition to kidney patients urine routine examination, but also carry out regular checks on renal function, in order to understand the status and condition of the development trends in order to facilitate formulation of therapeutic strategy. Many systemic diseases can cause secondary damage to the kidney, kidney diseases (especially late uremia) and often heart, lung and other serious organ damage, and kidney patients to seek medical treatment should also be Quanjuangeqiguan inspection. Hypertension is often worsening renal disease one of the main factors, it should be regular tests of blood pressure. If the blood pressure should be controlled within the normal range.

Polycystic kidney disease

Polycystic kidney disease is the kidney cortex and medulla in the number of cysts of a genetic kidney disease. By genetic divided into two types: (1) autosomal dominant inheritance of this type generally only to the adult symptoms (2) autosomal recessive genetic type, usually in the baby that is evident. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney common clinical, or end-stage renal disease in 5% -10%. The main clinical manifestations are kidney enlargement, hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, advanced renal failure can occur. The current treatment of this disease is mainly active control of hypertension and complications such as infection control, protection of renal function, delaying the arrival uremia. There can be uremia and dialysis treatment for kidney transplantation.

Clinical manifestations

1. Lumbar, abdominal discomfort or partially hidden Duntong 2. Hematuria (endoscopic or the naked eye), 3. Urine proteinuria and interleukin 4. Hypertension; 5. Recurrent urinary tract infection, 6. Renal dysfunction 7. kidney enlargement 8. extra-renal manifestations, including polycystic liver and such as intracranial aneurysms.

Diagnosis

1. Founded the family history of the disease, 2. Imaging examination confirmed that the number of cysts filled with fluid in the spread on both sides of the kidney cortex and medulla, 3. Gene linkage analysis inspection positive 4. Polycystic liver, intracranial aneurysm, pancreatic cysts or renal dysfunction can be used for auxiliary basis.

Treatment principles

1. Actively seized of complications, such as hypertension, urinary tract infection, obstruction, etc. 2. Cyst large cyst decompression feasible, but must be cautious, 3. End-stage renal failure can be used for hemodialysis treatment or kidney transplantation.

Use principles

1. Treatment of hypertension may be the “basic medication,” followed by selection of 1-3, one week after the bad effects if other kinds of 1-2, antibiotics are 7-12, 1-2 first selection of species to be ineffective switch to the 5-8 in the C 1-2 kinds 2. Advanced should be used in patients with severe combined therapy, renal failure and uremia non-polycystic kidney disease treatment the same 3. oppression if the cyst excessive bleeding or difficult Control may consider surgery.

Supplementary examination

1. Polycystic kidney patients in the early ad hoc inspections to check the box restrictions “A” main, but A cyst the size of the failure diagnosis can use the “B” of the 2 or “C” items of 1; 2. History than long, late complications were cases or ad hoc inspections could include restrictions check box “A”, “B” and “C.”

Evaluation

1. Cure: disappearance of symptoms and signs, renal function returned to the level prior to the onset of 2. Turn for the better: ease symptoms and signs, stable renal function, 3. Recovered: symptoms and signs of improvement in renal function deterioration.