Virtual bound

Virtual bound
In institutions, some movement into the vice bound to the movement can not afford to practice restraint, we have such constraints as redundant constraint. In calculating the degree of freedom will be bound to remove these false.
The virtual bound bodies often occurs in the following situations:
1) If the two bodies with rotating components of the interface connecting the trajectory coincidence, that will link into a virtual constraints.

2) If the two components in a mobile multiple contacts deputy, and mobile direction parallel to each other, only one mobile operator deputy.
If the two components in a multiple tie and vice rotation, and rotation axis coincidence, the rotation can only be a deputy.
If the two components in contact with a number of high-Vice plane, and the contact point between the law of coincidence, it can only be a high plane deputy.

3) agencies in the process, if the two components of a distance between the two points has remained unchanged, such as double-rotation of this phase of 2:00, will also bring a virtual bound

Transmission Angle

Transmission Angle
(1) transmission angle (γ): pressure angle angle.

(2) pressure angle (pressure sngle) (α): Failure to consider the movements of the components of gravity and friction and inertia force on the role of point C, P and C at the direction of the acute angle between the folder.

Dead Point

Dead Point
Institutions follower link with the location of a body called the death position. Dead bodies are there, because the moving parts are for reciprocating movement component, a lead agency must link with a line follower.

(2) the use of death.
In engineering practice, often using the bodies of dead point to a specific job requirements.

Generating France

Generating France
Generating law known as Chin Cheng-fa, conjugate law or envelope, is the most commonly used gear in the processing method. It is a drive gear meshing, the two are each other’s profile conjugate Qu
Line to the principle of processing. At its gear-cutter knives (such as gear shaping knife) and rack-type tool (such as wires inserted knives and gear hobs, etc.) two categories.

Cutting Process:
(A) Generating Movement: inserted knives and blank round by the constant transmission ratio i = ω knife / ω Blank Rotary;
(B) cutting campaign: knife inserted along the axial direction for round billet cutting reciprocating movement;
(C) Feed Movement: interpolation knife to round Blank Center for radial movement, in order to cut out high gear;
(D) The knife campaign: preventing upward retreat cutter knife has been processed at the surface abrasion, damage blade, a small round billet to the radial movement knife, cutting edge again, back in round billet.

Profiling Act

Profiling Act
Gear machining is a common method.
This method of cutting and milling of broaching method. Milling of which are widely used.
Features: tool in its axial profile, the shape and the blade Cutting the shape of the same trough. Tool: disc cutter, and other means of milling. Figure 8-19 shows the disc cutter used in the processing.
Cutting Process: cutter rotation, along Blank
Its axis of moving into the campaign, to be cut out a cogging, will be returned to the original rough, and uses first-degree turn to a rough teeth, then continue under a cutting cogging.
As involute line depends on the shape of a round size; And by the m-diameter circle, and z α determined. Therefore, each corresponding group m, and z α gear requires a tool. This is actually a factor. Therefore, in the same m processing projects, α Gear, generally only has eight or 15 gear cutter, according to the milling gear teeth, a few of the choices cutter.

Shaper

Shaper
     Ram with tool for linear movement planer-lived because ram the front of the carrier named after the shape of Ngau Tau. Shaper mainly used for small-batch production in small and medium-sized plow cut workpiece on the plane, forming surface and grooves. SMEs Shaper the main movement (see machine tools) are used crank-rocker mechanism (see slider-crank mechanism) drive, it ram mobile speed is uneven. Major Shaper used hydraulic drive, ram is basically uniform motion. Ram return trip itinerary faster than the speed of work. As a single blade machining tool, and in return not to ram cutting, lower productivity Shaper. The main machine parameters is the biggest planing cut length. Shaper mainly ordinary Shaper, profile Shaper and mobile and Shaper. General Shaper (see figure) from ram line with the level tool for live sports complex, in the turret rotating in a vertical plane angle, and manual feed, workbenches with the workpiece for intermittent horizontal or vertical feed campaign plane commonly used in the processing, and surface trench and Dovetail. Profile Shaper in general Shaper added a profile institutions, forming surface for processing, such as turbine blades. Mobile Shaper the ram and sliding blocks are still in bed (horizontal) or column (vertical) movement, applicable to large plow cut workpiece Local Plane.
A planer, use of live sports complex cutting tool has been fixed in machine work on the platform for processing workpieces generally smaller [workpiece). Machine Tool Ngau Tau like a dog, blue.

SSS clutch

SSS clutch
  Since the synchronous shift (Synchro-Self-Shifting) SSS clutch clutch short, by the British invented, the first naval vessels used in a normal navigation at the right speed and fighting for the different needs. Usually a commitment engine load, once the emergency situation, we start the second engine, SSS clutch engagement, the two co-driven propulsion engine to achieve in a very short period of time to the sudden increase in speed.
SSS clutch is purely mechanical devices, they realized functions can be summed up is when the input side of the tendency to over speed output side, clutch engagement, the output side of the drive; When the input side of the tendency for output speed reduction side, have a reverse torque, clutch torn off.

POPPIN

POPPIN
Carey introduced the term movements

The Pop

Pop is a different parts of your body vibration action, which is to rely on you to shock your muscles reached. This is very much needed sense of rhythm, but also need to meet the Popping style of music, you can Relying on your hands and shaft extension Popping do, you can do Popping shoulder uplift, and other parts of the body remained upright.

The Lock Or LOCKING

Locking is doing some good moves quickly, and then stopped when an action, described as a locking action is the best explanation: that you have played a small gear toys? When you bear in Clockwork he moves, he really moving quickly, but Clockwork-song, he immediately all of a sudden stop down and return to the status quo ante, so it is like locking? (Editor’s note: Locking should think and Electric Boogie, Boogaloo separately, because he gives the impression is not natural, more like rapid)

The Tick

This action is often used as a robot dance dance, Electric Boogie is in a very important part of this action gives a wrong impression, as if this person born as general machinery, stop or start the action will have a shock when, to do this move was to rely on muscle vibration, France country comedian called such moves “Garcia.”

The floats Or Glides

Float Glide to race or illusion, like your feet to walk when there is a specific procedure, the action gives the people an impression that you want to go east, but your feet is go west, is the most famous moves of Michael Jackson dancing, “Moon Walk”, which is an old comedy Speech Members of the trick, as it clearly should go forward to the retreat.

The Slowmove

This dance movements to do like you see on the television as the slow motion replay, this will usually dance movements and MOON WALK work together.

The Wave

This is the beginning of the limbs wave action. He gave a false impression as there is an invisible force through your whole body, from a local, through the palm of the hand, arm, the final stop in the body of your feet. Wave action is a standard action in each contain a dance routine in action. Unlike other dance movements, this movement is fluent coherent action, there should be a law or the spirit of the movement. Indeed wave action from the Pop interception in a number of styles, but you do a comparison and Pop, Pop, so if there is a path around the body, but doing it will be more smooth.

The Mannequin Or Robot (Robotics)

This is a long time in the presence of mechanical dance style, he is like a display imitate the manikin in real life moving up, and then Mannequin Style also isolated in two movements. A move like dancers yes yes yes County was triggered by the puppet general, action is not freedom, not autonomy, were other people in traction, you may have seen on television comedian do this kind of performances, the most classical action is the same hand with the feet moving again in this show different hand with different feet mobile is often used. Style is another robot, this move was to move your limbs when a fixed speed control, and then suddenly stopped or stopped by Tick, like machines will only do action. Normally a time, you are only one part of the body moving and doing is like you are controlling a computer program by the same movements do very disciplined. Mannequin: This word refers to the display of Manikin modeling.

The King Tut (Egypt Huang)

This action seems to be pegged to the wall murals and Egypt palaces like the feeling, it contains Waving Department of action, shoulder and hands-axis 90 degrees, your forearm or may be, bending or torsion, you might stay away from or near you, then you may have to hand cycle of the upper and lower or reversed, Tick this and to do so together, like robot dance style, each is a separate action.

The Lean

It is another very popular comedian of tricks, he seems to give an illusion of a people living on the same things, but such things do not exist but in fact, like invisible on the piano is an example.

The Collapse

Mannequin together and usually do, this action is done like a tire was a gas vent, or as a line was cut the puppet.

The Heartbeat

This is a very welcome move, you knob on the jacket or T-shirt underneath, and then pushed forward clothes, this looks like your heart is beating in the chest, usually dancers will move to the side of a forward, it will give people a wrong impression is like your heartbeat pushing forward the same person.

The Bicycle

The leg movements give the impression you like riding a bicycle, this is another popular comedian small tricks, this action will normally hand with the release of forward movement, which gives the impression you like the whole installing the bicycle now.

The Toe / Heel Walk

This action usually Mannequin Dance Style and do so together, is a good way to let you in on the dance floor doing moves, he moves included: one foot in the foot so that rotation, and with the other legs of the ankle and then in the weight transfer to another in the foot and ankle that, and then have been done, do good, action will be very smooth, looks like you over the same floor.

Cobra (King Cobra)

Dancers do with a hand wave action spread to the other hand, and then sent him back, but only used shoulder. (If you look at the name of “Breakin” movies, in an embarrassing dance began, a few people have done this action, you can not miss.)

Body Effects do is to use physical imitation effect.

Animation

Films like to do with the body as a grid of a grid-grid movement.

Three Dimensional Tickin ‘

Depth than Tickin ‘more diversified, including one in the same Tick, the body often do, width, as homoharringtonine D effect.

Pausin ‘

A stop or temporarily halt action short time.

Electric Shock

This action looks like there is a current through the body in general.

Water Wave

Do slow wave action and rocking the body, creating as wave-like effect.

Internal Moves

Moves like infiltration into the body or from the body as a general. And Tickin ‘, Wavin’ not the same, because it is through the physical two.

External Moves

As the body moves from the outside to feel the same. Cobra, Octopuss, King Tut, Python, these movements are.

Hittin ‘

Sustained muscle contraction. Basically relaxation and contraction of the neck, hands, chest and leg muscles.

Hittin’Style

Hittin ’style of dance including: Boogaloo, Boogie, Poplock, Strutin, Quanzhou, Robotic, Freestyle, and these are Bopping.

Glides / Floats

This action is like walking in the air, like dancers. Vindicated, Backslide, Side Slide, S Walk, these are.

Mobile, skeleton

Mobile, skeleton
[Introduction]

The so-called skeleton, relative to the human body, the skeleton; This mechanical movement no independent ability actions are manipulated by people. In animation, the most famous skeleton of the mobile nature soldiers and a mobile police.

A driving force

In all the science fiction film, skeleton and machinery, are also encountering rapid movement, but today only slightly on the robot can be entered into the “power / weight ratio,” well below human arm; For example: a five kilograms of manpower can be brought 10 kilograms of objects , and five kilograms of manipulator must mention can not afford a kilogram object. What is the rationale?

The main structure of manpower including bone, muscle, muscle is the source of energy; Manipulator is the case, the transmission, and the skeleton structure as freedom may be a few motors, which only motors to provide power (not including energy units). From this comparison-known manipulator can be “poor.” Moreover, throughout human muscle, in large, cerebellum, under the coordination body can moderate deformation, apply levers, pulley, and other basic physical principles, but this is the right engineers, it borders on impossible to complex movements. At the same time, muscle rigidity than mechanical metal materials, but toughness, strength of wins, with the quality of steel compared with muscle, the latter is more affordable tensile, impact and stress, in other words: more difficult.

So what advantages manipulator? The first is to repeat exactly do the same work, and almost from the heavy impact of ideas will work fatigue.

Say, can never be mobile, as mobile skeleton soldiers, police powerful strokes as fine 1,10? In fact, it would not inverted! There are two mechanical technology may enable the “force / weight” than to raise the standard of human.

1. Artificial Muscle:

Use of electric drives or chemical synthetic material or diastolic contraction (such as poly with the current AMPS), Principle and the same muscle. But the problem is the artificial muscle to inevitably immersed in the liquid. Regardless of electricity or chemical method, it is very difficult to change its position quickly, in other words, it’s not where fast response. In addition, there will be other dreams Artificial Muscle oil or electric, pneumatic - driven precision, it may even fatigue! This is the so-called enough to lose, the world is no free lunch (or the other thing)!

2. Shape memory alloys:

Today is increasingly star in the shape memory alloy, is used to control temperature deformation special alloy to form specific. That is to say it regardless of T1-A, to T2 degrees, it would be a B-shaped, but rose again when the alloy of T1 changes to A-shaped. The problem is: temperature mechanical engineering is the most difficult to accurately grasp of the variables. And today’s memory alloy limited to the memory of deflection, do other tricks can be difficult, especially muscle movements only “stretching” However, because of the density changes involved moves to dramatically change the density of metal is even more difficult than niche.

The momentum in these two institutions, the former “armored cavalry” may have a place in the former telescopic, which reversed, and also all have their own strong points short. The difficulties in the application.

3. Piezoelectric materials:

This is a quite wonderful material, and when it will be reduced voltage stimulation, and vice versa (the pressure will discharge), if research and development mature, it is possible to eliminate in a half-century electric motor drive system with the oil pressure, a high power / weight ratio of the power source.

Moreover, the impact of changes in the magnetic field length (atomic force change) magnetostrictive material is more potential stars of the future, some kind of low elongation, it can dramatically change Young’s coefficient (similar to spring constants), makes its structural characteristics can be used for multiple uses.

Two, energy

Tactical fighters carrying small energy from nuclear fusion furnace, is the mobile police cells, the human body? According to thermodynamic method of calculation, if the human body to heat engine means to generate energy, we need energy in the body can burn up to do (the higher the temperature heat engine, the greater the pressure on the higher efficiency), it should be fuel cell is similar manner.

Fusion Furnace, is the driving force fired plants, factories have the same driving force behind all of drawbacks: slow startup and shutdown, the reaction rate of change in output than internal combustion engine. At this point, fuel cells may be better than its number, but the efficiency of the fuel cell is far higher than that of any heat engine.

Some readers may not understand what is meant by fuel cells. Fuel is used for burning, fuel chemical can be fired thermal heating of media (such as a steam power plant, the engine air) kinetic energy into mechanical energy, and turbine or by mechanical energy into electrical energy to Detroit (in the majority still travel to the aircraft into mechanical energy). This process can theoretically achieve efficiency rather low, and the general power plants using blue willing cycle (Rankine cycle), only 11 ~ 13% of heat transferred into electricity.

But fuel cells different, and oxide fuel (oxygen or other) integration into the liquid, combined with the assistance of catalyst (oxidation, meaning relaxed combustion), chemical energy directly into electric energy, theoretical efficiency as high as 40%, practical applications are also more than 30%. Hydrogen, methane (natural gas), who can dissolve in the liquid fuel can as fuel cells. Called the fourth generation of energy, clean, efficient, quiet is its unparalleled advantages, flexibility also more than the giant plant.

3, the control system

Driving the cockpit for the traditional definition of a human-computer interface paradigm.

People have a hand 20 degrees of freedom, in today’s robotics-driven, it’s all there must be 20 motors, its manipulation of the complexity of the program will drive engineers, but manipulator - is talking nonsense command. (You can think of a number of necessary action, and every action can be used to understand the number of degrees of freedom.) As a result, the star machine to manipulate concepts flexible, there are two methods:

1. Making many subroutines, each responsible for an action, or by computer manipulator choice movement. On the former, I would like to Amuluoa-in and Jiaemasha new one, is not the time to button up steel bullets shot. Tactical fighter pilot seemed simply choose weapons, mobile body position, in a move to the computer should make their own judgment, it is available today on more layers of super computers floor or fifth-generation computers mature before done.

2. A mobile police computer learning function, which is to remember each movement, fighting experience, facing the same situation next to be more rapid and smooth implementation of the driver’s instructions. Mobile police therefore must be controlled in order to achieve a fixed driver performance.

The most effective and most inhuman manipulation of the most important “periods of riding” in the machine Rana, it was modeled on the human body structure, manufacture motorized skeleton, the driver of nerve endings electrode was connected to his spine, brain, the cerebellum complete all the directives issued by the response to mechanical, when he orders his right hand clenched brain, neural also faithfully conveyed hand Department, but they did not receive a message muscles, the message being eaten. This way only one drawback: Rana machines in space carrying rocket can not use campaign (who carry long rocket?) , And the driver of the nervous system is very poor, and the machine also can not, as Frog Mobile Suit as a cannon, particle gun fixed arm. But feasibility much higher than the former two.

The so-called man-machine interface, all matters between the operator and objectives of the auxiliary mechanical hardware. The small ax handles, the big fighter cockpit, and sometimes refers specifically to assist the operator with the whole mechanical manipulation of the software and hardware.

MS and have limited self-LABOR judgment campaign function, and a function of this program is a very remarkable man-machine interface as possible of how, at least in my view, to wait another 20 years engineering information can be developed like a prototype of such practical computers and software. And the higher the autonomy of the program, operators more effort, such as “La crisis” in the Knight Saber, who use motorized frames, for mote slave / Moto Roid deformation, the former serving their armored (Hard suit, is the skeleton) to the extension, while the latter is a limited self-judgment ability of the mechanical movement, without command by the operator on January 1. When the man-machine interface developed to the extreme, it is no longer the man-machine interface, the operator no longer necessary, then it may pan-called man-made, biological and chemical, electronics, etc.. On this point, will be discussed later.

“La crisis” in Portuguese and others use the Second Armored clothes (Moto Slave), deformation of limited autonomy for the judgment Moto Roid machine).

“The five-star story of” Fatima remain man-machine interface definition: they were driving to Cleveland MH. While ETRRM (subhuman of Fatima) is the letter, and the perfect man-machine interface, because it’s equivalent to a part of the body, like the cerebellum manages physical coordination body like the coordinated implementation of the pilot (brain) orders.

In addition, have the same effect of another man-machine interface is the interpretation of human EEG equipment, the problem of how to EEG waveforms in the ideological interpretation of the pilot, particularly reflex action is not completely brain. Natural failure to read its signal. Therefore still conceptual stage.

Otto cycle

Otto cycle
Also known as the four-stroke engine. A thermodynamic cycle engine for the heating capacity for the ideal thermodynamic cycle. In 1862 a French engineer the first four-stroke engine principle, in 1876 the German engineer Nicholas • Aotuoli use this invention of the engine because the engine is smooth rotation, and excellent noise performance of small, have a great impact on the industry, this is the cycle named Otto cycle. Otto cycle of the inspiratory cycle is a process of compression, expansion and exhaust process of acting that constitute four-stroke, first piston downward movement of the fuel and air mixture through a valve into the cylinder or more to close the intake valve, piston upward movement compressed gas mixture, and then vertex close compression stroke when ignited by the spark plug mixed gases, combustion air explosion thrust force generated by the piston downward movement, acting completed stroke and finally burnt through exhaust gas cylinder from the door. Otto cycle is the ideal cycle because the theoretical analysis and the calculation that by the adiabatic cycle, and capacity, pressure and composition, process, system and the composition, nature and quality are maintained, but actually because of combustion and explosion, in which the composition and nature of inevitable change, the actual gasoline engine efficiency than ideal Otto cycle of many low efficiency, only half or less of about 25%. Modern cars, trucks and the use of internal combustion engines are used mostly in the Otto cycle.